J Korean Neurosurg Soc.  2021 May;64(3):367-373. 10.3340/jkns.2021.0054.

Cell Lineage, Self-Renewal, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition during Secondary Neurulation

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
  • 2Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan

Abstract

Secondary neurulation (SN) is a critical process to form the neural tube in the posterior region of the body including the tail. SN is distinct from the anteriorly occurring primary neurulation (PN); whereas the PN proceeds by folding an epithelial neural plate, SN precursors arise from a specified epiblast by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and undergo self-renewal in the tail bud. They finally differentiate into the neural tube through mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). We here overview recent progresses in the studies of SN with a particular focus on the regulation of cell lineage, self-renewal, and EMT/MET. Cellular mechanisms underlying SN help to understand the functional diversity of the tail in vertebrates.

Keyword

Cell lineage; Cell self renewal; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Chickens

Figure

  • Fig. 1. Diagram to depict primary neurulation (PN; blue) and secondary neurulation (SN; red). Neural tubes formed by these processes are seamlessly connected in the adult body.

  • Fig. 2. A and B : In HH8 embryos, the epiblast located in between HN (*) and the anterior end of primitive streak is devoid of underlying BM (white in B), whereas other epiblast areas are supported by BM (pink in B). C : Serial histological sections are stained with anti-Laminin antibody to visualize BM. White brackets indicate the epiblast lacking the underlying BM. Yellow arrows indicated notochord. Modified from Shimokita and Takahashi [22] with permnission. HN : Hensen’s node, PS : primitive streak, HH8 : Hamburger and Hamilton stage 8, BM : basement membrane.

  • Fig. 3. Diagram showing in ovo DNA (EGFP) electroporation that targets the rhomboidal epiblast at HH8. Electroporated embryo shows EGFP-positive SN precursors in the tail bud and SN neural tube. A serial transplantation with SN precursors revealed self-renewal cells in the tail bud. Illustration was reproduced from Kawachi et al. [14] with permission. EGFP : enhanced GFP, HH : Hamburger and Hamilton, SN : secondary neurulation.

  • Fig. 4. Diagram showing two subtypes of SN uni-fated precursors in the tail bud at HH14. They are regulated by high and low levels of Sox2 expression. Sox2high and Sox2low are for specification and self-renewal of SN precursors, respectively. Modified from Kawachi et al. [14] with permission. SN : secondary neurulation, NT : neural tube, nc : notochord, CNH : chord-neural hinge.

  • Fig. 5. Progressive expansion of the preSN domain (red) within the rhomboidal epiblast. At HH8 with 6 somites, the rhomboidal epiblast is mostly occupied by preSN. Contrary to preSN, the mesoderm-yielding domain becomes smaller. Orange areas are either NMP-producing or a mixture of neuro-and mesodermal cells. preSN : presumptive SN regio, HH8 : Hamburger and Hamilton stage 8, NMP : neuro-mesodermal progenitor.


Reference

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