World J Mens Health.  2020 Apr;38(2):164-177. 10.5534/wjmh.190057.

Vitamin D and Male Fertility: An Updated Review

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. gianmartin.cito@gmail.com
  • 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Claire Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
  • 3Department of Radiology, Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Health Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico.
  • 4Department of Urology, Vittorio Emanuele II, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
  • 5Assisted Reproductive Technology Centre, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
  • 6Department of Urology, “La Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Abstract

To date, the key role of vitamin D in male reproductive system has been suggested, since the expression of vitamin D receptors and metabolizing enzymes was demonstrated in the testis and spermatozoa. Nevertheless, a general consensus about the role of vitamin D in male fertility is still debated. The aim of this review is to provide an updated systematic revision of the current available literature, discussing the experimental and clinical evidence on the role of vitamin D in the regulation of testis hormone production, seminal parameters and male fertility. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency on serum levels of testicular hormones have been analysed by several observational and interventional studies, with controversial results. Equally, the experimental researches not were able to state a certain relationship between vitamin D status and testis hormone production. Possible bias, including age, body mass index, and baseline vitamin D status justified the differences among studies. As well as concerning the effect of vitamin D on semen parameters, most of the studies agreed in the possibility that vitamin D might have a positive effect on human male fertility potential, particularly through better sperm motility. Regarding pregnancy outcomes, normal level of vitamin D seems to be related to better pregnancies. However, all the previous studies displayed a wide heterogeneity in study design, population, methodology, and cut off values used for the evaluation of vitamin D status. Future studies are needed to better clarify the exact role of vitamin D on hormonal and seminal panel in both fertile and infertile men.

Keyword

Male infertility; Reproduction; Semen quality; Vitamin D

MeSH Terms

Bias (Epidemiology)
Body Mass Index
Consensus
Female
Fertility*
Humans
Infertility, Male
Male*
Population Characteristics
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Outcome
Receptors, Calcitriol
Reproduction
Semen
Semen Analysis
Sperm Motility
Spermatozoa
Testicular Hormones
Testis
Vitamin D Deficiency
Vitamin D*
Vitamins*
Receptors, Calcitriol
Testicular Hormones
Vitamin D
Vitamins

Figure

  • Fig. 1 Flow chart of the identified study.


Reference

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:266–281. PMID: 17634462.
Article
2. Dusilová-Sulková S. Vitamin D metabolism and vitamin D traditional and nontraditional, target organs: implications for kidney patients. J Ren Care. 2009; 35 Suppl 1:39–44. PMID: 19222730.
Article
3. Savastano S, Barrea L, Savanelli MC, Nappi F, Di Somma C, Orio F, et al. Low vitamin D status and obesity: role of nutritionist. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017; 18:215–225. PMID: 28229265.
Article
4. Altieri B, Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Mathieu C, Vallone CV, Mascitelli L, et al. Does vitamin D play a role in autoimmune endocrine disorders? A proof of concept. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017; 18:335–346. PMID: 28070798.
Article
5. Muscogiuri G, Altieri B, de Angelis C, Palomba S, Pivonello R, Colao A, et al. Shedding new light on female fertility: the role of vitamin D. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017; 18:273–283. PMID: 28102491.
Article
6. Tirabassi G, Cutini M, Muscogiuri G, Delli Muti N, Corona G, Galdiero M, et al. Association between vitamin D and sperm parameters: clinical evidence. Endocrine. 2017; 58:194–198. PMID: 27942975.
Article
7. de Angelis C, Galdiero M, Pivonello C, Garifalos F, Menafra D, Cariati F, et al. The role of vitamin D in male fertility: a focus on the testis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017; 18:285–305. PMID: 28667465.
Article
8. Henry HL. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 25:531–541. PMID: 21872796.
Article
9. Chun RF, Peercy BE, Orwoll ES, Nielson CM, Adams JS, Hewison M. Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014; 144:132–137. PMID: 24095930.
Article
10. Nykjaer A, Dragun D, Walther D, Vorum H, Jacobsen C, Herz J, et al. An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3. Cell. 1999; 96:507–515. PMID: 10052453.
Article
11. Veldurthy V, Wei R, Campbell M, Lupicki K, Dhawan P, Christakos S. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase: a key regulator of 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Vitam Horm. 2016; 100:137–150. PMID: 26827951.
12. Jones G, Strugnell SA, DeLuca HF. Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev. 1998; 78:1193–1231. PMID: 9790574.
Article
13. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verlinden L, van Etten E, Verstuyf A, Luderer HF, et al. Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr Rev. 2008; 29:726–776. PMID: 18694980.
Article
14. Brenza HL, DeLuca HF. Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression by parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000; 381:143–152. PMID: 11019830.
15. Fukumoto S. Phosphate metabolism and vitamin D. Bonekey Rep. 2014; 3:497. PMID: 24605214.
Article
16. DeLuca HF. The control of calcium and phosphorus metabolism by the vitamin D endocrine system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980; 355:1–17. PMID: 7015957.
Article
17. Haussler MR, Jurutka PW, Mizwicki M, Norman AW. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1α,25(OH)2vitamin D3: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 25:543–559. PMID: 21872797.
18. Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev. 2005; 26:662–687. PMID: 15798098.
Article
19. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006; 311:1770–1773. PMID: 16497887.
Article
20. Mora JR, Iwata M, von Andrian UH. Vitamin effects on the immune system: vitamins A and D take centre stage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008; 8:685–698. PMID: 19172691.
Article
21. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6:e1000097. PMID: 19621072.
Article
22. Zanatta L, Zamoner A, Gonçalves R, Zanatta AP, Bouraïma-Lelong H, Bois C, et al. Effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in plasma membrane targets in immature rat testis: ionic channels and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011; 515:46–53. PMID: 21933661.
Article
23. Mahmoudi AR, Zarnani AH, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Katouzian L, Tavakoli M, Soltanghoraei H, et al. Distribution of vitamin D receptor and 1α-hydroxylase in male mouse reproductive tract. Reprod Sci. 2013; 20:426–436. PMID: 23188491.
Article
24. Fu L, Chen YH, Xu S, Ji YL, Zhang C, Wang H, et al. Vitamin D deficiency impairs testicular development and spermatogenesis in mice. Reprod Toxicol. 2017; 73:241–249. PMID: 28655646.
Article
25. Merke J, Hügel U, Ritz E. Nuclear testicular 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in Sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules of adult rodents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985; 127:303–309. PMID: 2983710.
Article
26. Blomberg Jensen M, Nielsen JE, Jørgensen A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Kristensen DM, Jørgensen N, et al. Vitamin D receptor and vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are expressed in the human male reproductive tract. Hum Reprod. 2010; 25:1303–1311. PMID: 20172873.
Article
27. Thomas K, Sung DY, Chen X, Thompson W, Chen YE, McCarrey J, et al. Developmental patterns of PPAR and RXR gene expression during spermatogenesis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2011; 3:1209–1220. PMID: 21622127.
Article
28. Gaemers IC, van Pelt AM, van der Saag PT, Hoogerbrugge JW, Themmen AP, de Rooij DG. Effect of retinoid status on the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of nuclear retinoid receptors alpha, beta, and gamma, and retinoid X receptors alpha, beta, and gamma in the mouse testis. Endocrinology. 1997; 138:1544–1551. PMID: 9075714.
29. Vernet N, Dennefeld C, Rochette-Egly C, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chambon P, Ghyselinck NB, et al. Retinoic acid metabolism and signaling pathways in the adult and developing mouse testis. Endocrinology. 2006; 147:96–110. PMID: 16210368.
Article
30. Dufour JM, Kim KH. Cellular and subcellular localization of six retinoid receptors in rat testis during postnatal development: identification of potential heterodimeric receptors. Biol Reprod. 1999; 61:1300–1308. PMID: 10529278.
31. Blomberg Jensen M, Lieben L, Nielsen JE, Willems A, Jørgensen A, Juul A, et al. Characterization of the testicular, epididymal and endocrine phenotypes in the Leuven Vdrdeficient mouse model: targeting estrogen signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013; 377:93–102. PMID: 23850520.
Article
32. Choudhary D, Jansson I, Stoilov I, Sarfarazi M, Schenkman JB. Expression patterns of mouse and human CYP orthologs (families 1–4) during development and in different adult tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005; 436:50–61. PMID: 15752708.
Article
33. De Toni L, De Filippis V, Tescari S, Ferigo M, Ferlin A, Scattolini V, et al. Uncarboxylated osteocalcin stimulates 25-hydroxy vitamin D production in Leydig cell line through a GPRC6a-dependent pathway. Endocrinology. 2014; 155:4266–4274. PMID: 25093461.
Article
34. La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Cimino L, Russo GI, Morgia G, Calogero AE. Late-onset hypogonadism: the advantages of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin rather than testosterone. Aging Male. 2016; 19:34–39. PMID: 26488941.
Article
35. Foresta C, Strapazzon G, De Toni L, Perilli L, Di Mambro A, Muciaccia B, et al. Bone mineral density and testicular failure: evidence for a role of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in human testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96:E646–E652. PMID: 21270327.
Article
36. Schepisi G, De Padova S, Scarpi E, Lolli C, Gurioli G, Menna C, et al. Vitamin D status among long-term survivors of testicular cancer. Oncotarget. 2017; 8:36780–36786. PMID: 28030821.
Article
37. Imai M, Ishikawa K, Matsukawa N, Kida I, Ohta J, Ikushima M, et al. Klotho protein activates the PKC pathway in the kidney and testis and suppresses 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alphahydroxylase gene expression. Endocrine. 2004; 25:229–234. PMID: 15758250.
38. Usdin TB, Paciga M, Riordan T, Kuo J, Parmelee A, Petukova G, et al. Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 residues is required for germ cell development. Endocrinology. 2008; 149:4292–4300. PMID: 18483145.
Article
39. Usdin TB, Bonner TI, Harta G, Mezey E. Distribution of parathyroid hormone-2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat. Endocrinology. 1996; 137:4285–4297. PMID: 8828488.
Article
40. Steger K, Tetens F, Seitz J, Grothe C, Bergmann M. Localization of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) protein and the receptors FGFR 1-4 in normal human seminiferous epithelium. Histochem Cell Biol. 1998; 110:57–62. PMID: 9681690.
Article
41. Asa SL, Henderson J, Goltzman D, Drucker DJ. Parathyroid hormone-like peptide in normal and neoplastic human endocrine tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 71:1112–1118. PMID: 2229275.
Article
42. Blomberg Jensen M, Jørgensen A, Nielsen JE, Bjerrum PJ, Skalkam M, Petersen JH, et al. Expression of the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP24A1 at the annulus of human spermatozoa may serve as a novel marker of semen quality. Int J Androl. 2012; 35:499–510. PMID: 22404291.
Article
43. O'Donnell L, Stanton P, de Kretser DM. Endocrinology of the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. In : Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText.com, Inc.;2000.
44. O'Shaughnessy PJ. Hormonal control of germ cell development and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2014; 29:55–65. PMID: 24598767.
45. Sonnenberg J, Luine VN, Krey LC, Christakos S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment results in increased choline acetyltransferase activity in specific brain nuclei. Endocrinology. 1986; 118:1433–1439. PMID: 3753932.
46. Zanatta L, Zamoner A, Zanatta AP, Bouraïma-Lelong H, Delalande C, Bois C, et al. Nongenomic and genomic effects of 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in rat testis. Life Sci. 2011; 89:515–523. PMID: 21565203.
Article
47. Oury F, Sumara G, Sumara O, Ferron M, Chang H, Smith CE, et al. Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. Cell. 2011; 144:796–809. PMID: 21333348.
Article
48. Inpanbutr N, Reiswig JD, Bacon WL, Slemons RD, Iacopino AM. Effect of vitamin D on testicular CaBP28K expression and serum testosterone in chickens. Biol Reprod. 1996; 54:242–248. PMID: 8838022.
Article
49. Kinuta K, Tanaka H, Moriwake T, Aya K, Kato S, Seino Y. Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonads. Endocrinology. 2000; 141:1317–1324. PMID: 10746634.
Article
50. Lillie RJ. Inefficacy of dietary deficiencies of vitamins A, D3 and riboflavin on the reproductive performance of mature cockerels. Poult Sci. 1973; 52:1629–1636. PMID: 4359251.
Article
51. Kwiecinski GG, Petrie GI, DeLuca HF. Vitamin D is necessary for reproductive functions of the male rat. J Nutr. 1989; 119:741–744. PMID: 2723823.
Article
52. Uhland AM, Kwiecinski GG, DeLuca HF. Normalization of serum calcium restores fertility in vitamin D-deficient male rats. J Nutr. 1992; 122:1338–1344. PMID: 1588451.
Article
53. Sun W, Chen L, Zhang W, Wang R, Goltzman D, Miao D. Active vitamin D deficiency mediated by extracellular calcium and phosphorus results in male infertility in young mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 308:E51–E62. PMID: 25370849.
Article
54. Sood S, Marya RK, Reghunandanan R, Singh GP, Jaswal TS, Gopinathan K. Effect of vitamin D deficiency on testicular function in the rat. Ann Nutr Metab. 1992; 36:203–208. PMID: 1471857.
Article
55. Sood S, Reghunandanan R, Reghunandanan V, Marya RK, Singh PI. Effect of vitamin D repletion on testicular function in vitamin D-deficient rats. Ann Nutr Metab. 1995; 39:95–98. PMID: 7625775.
56. Scarpelli DG, Tremblay G, Pearse AG. A comparative cytochemical and cytologic study of vitamin D induced nephrocalcinosis. Am J Pathol. 1960; 36:331–353. PMID: 14442251.
57. Merino O, Sánchez R, Gregorio MB, Sampaio F, Risopatrón J. Effect of high-fat and vitamin D deficient diet on rat sperm quality and fertility. Theriogenology. 2019; 125:6–11. PMID: 30368129.
Article
58. Merino O, Sánchez R, Gregorio BM, Sampaio FJ, Risopatrón J. Effects of diet-induced obesity and deficient in vitamin D on spermatozoa function and DNA integrity in sprague-dawley rats. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018:5479057. PMID: 30596095.
Article
59. Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Wan Ngah WZ. Vitamin D is significantly associated with total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in Malaysian men. Aging Male. 2015; 18:175–179. PMID: 26004987.
Article
60. Välimäki VV, Alfthan H, Ivaska KK, Löyttyniemi E, Pettersson K, Stenman UH, et al. Serum estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin as regulators of peak bone mass and bone turnover rate in young Finnish men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 89:3785–3789. PMID: 15292305.
61. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Moeller UK, Bonde JP, Olsen J, Thulstrup AM. Are serum levels of vitamin D associated with semen quality? Results from a cross-sectional study in young healthy men. Fertil Steril. 2011; 95:1000–1004. PMID: 21122842.
Article
62. Hammoud AO, Meikle AW, Peterson CM, Stanford J, Gibson M, Carrell DT. Association of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels with semen and hormonal parameters. Asian J Androl. 2012; 14:855–859. PMID: 23042450.
Article
63. Livshits G, Karasik D, Seibel MJ. Statistical genetic analysis of plasma levels of vitamin D: familial study. Ann Hum Genet. 1999; 63:429–439. PMID: 10735584.
Article
64. Wulaningsih W, Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Ix JH, et al. Association of serum inorganic phosphate with sex steroid hormones and vitamin D in a nationally representative sample of men. Andrology. 2014; 2:967–976. PMID: 25270590.
Article
65. Ceglia L, Chiu GR, Harris SS, Araujo AB. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and physical function in adult men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011; 74:370–376. PMID: 21083597.
Article
66. Yang B, Sun H, Wan Y, Wang H, Qin W, Yang L, et al. Associations between testosterone, bone mineral density, vitamin D and semen quality in fertile and infertile Chinese men. Int J Androl. 2012; 35:783–792. PMID: 22713128.
Article
67. Anic GM, Albanes D, Rohrmann S, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Bradwin G, et al. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum sex steroid hormones among men in NHANES. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016; 85:258–266. PMID: 26991691.
Article
68. Lerchbaum E, Pilz S, Trummer C, Rabe T, Schenk M, Heijboer AC, et al. Serum vitamin D levels and hypogonadism in men. Andrology. 2014; 2:748–754. PMID: 25044703.
Article
69. Wang N, Han B, Li Q, Chen Y, Chen Y, Xia F, et al. Vitamin D is associated with testosterone and hypogonadism in Chinese men: results from a cross-sectional SPECT-China study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015; 13:74. PMID: 26177638.
Article
70. Lee DM, Tajar A, Pye SR, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Bouillon R, et al. Association of hypogonadism with vitamin D status: the European Male Ageing Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012; 166:77–85. PMID: 22048968.
Article
71. Chen RY, Nordin BE, Need AG, Scopacasa F, Wishart J, Morris HA, et al. Relationship between calcium absorption and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in healthy males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008; 69:864–869. PMID: 18419789.
Article
72. Nimptsch K, Platz EA, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Association between plasma 25-OH vitamin D and testosterone levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012; 77:106–112. PMID: 22220644.
Article
73. Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, März W, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010; 73:243–248. PMID: 20050857.
Article
74. Tak YJ, Lee JG, Kim YJ, Park NC, Kim SS, Lee S, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and testosterone deficiency in middle-aged Korean men: a cross-sectional study. Asian J Androl. 2015; 17:324–328. PMID: 25532570.
Article
75. Rafiq R, van Schoor NM, Sohl E, Zillikens MC, Oosterwerff MM, Schaap L, et al. Associations of vitamin D status and vitamin D-related polymorphisms with sex hormones in older men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016; 164:11–17. PMID: 26610790.
Article
76. Heijboer AC, Oosterwerff M, Schroten NF, Eekhoff EM, Chel VG, de Boer RA, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and testosterone concentrations in male human subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015; 83:105–110. PMID: 25557316.
Article
77. Zhao D, Ouyang P, de Boer IH, Lutsey PL, Farag YM, Guallar E, et al. Serum vitamin D and sex hormones levels in men and women: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Maturitas. 2017; 96:95–102. PMID: 28041602.
Article
78. Blomberg Jensen M, Gerner Lawaetz J, Andersson AM, Petersen JH, Nordkap L, Bang AK, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and low ionized calcium are linked with semen quality and sex steroid levels in infertile men. Hum Reprod. 2016; 31:1875–1885. PMID: 27496946.
Article
79. Zofková I, Scholz G, Stárka L. Effect of calcitonin and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 on the FSH, LH and testosterone secretion at rest and LHRH stimulated secretion. Horm Metab Res. 1989; 21:682–685. PMID: 2515139.
80. Foresta C, Calogero AE, Lombardo F, Lenzi A, Ferlin A. Lateonset hypogonadism: beyond testosterone. Asian J Androl. 2015; 17:236–238. PMID: 25248651.
Article
81. Canguven O, Talib RA, El Ansari W, Yassin DJ, Al Naimi A. Vitamin D treatment improves levels of sexual hormones, metabolic parameters and erectile function in middle-aged vitamin D deficient men. Aging Male. 2017; 20:9–16. PMID: 28074679.
Article
82. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Horm Metab Res. 2011; 43:223–225. PMID: 21154195.
Article
83. Jorde R, Grimnes G, Hutchinson MS, Kjærgaard M, Kamycheva E, Svartberg J. Supplementation with vitamin D does not increase serum testosterone levels in healthy males. Horm Metab Res. 2013; 45:675–681. PMID: 23686706.
Article
84. Ferlin A, Selice R, Di Mambro A, Ghezzi M, Di Nisio A, Caretta N, et al. Role of vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in Klinefelter syndrome. Osteoporos Int. 2015; 26:2193–2202. PMID: 25963234.
Article
85. Hofer D, Münzker J, Schwetz V, Ulbing M, Hutz K, Stiegler P, et al. Testicular synthesis and vitamin D action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99:3766–3773. PMID: 24937537.
Article
86. Oury F, Ferron M, Huizhen W, Confavreux C, Xu L, Lacombe J, et al. Osteocalcin regulates murine and human fertility through a pancreas-bone-testis axis. J Clin Invest. 2013; 123:2421–2433. PMID: 23728177.
Article
87. Rehman R, Lalani S, Baig M, Nizami I, Rana Z, Gazzaz ZJ. Association between vitamin D, reproductive hormones and sperm parameters in infertile male subjects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9:607. PMID: 30386296.
Article
88. Akhavizadegan H, Karbakhsh M. Comparison of serum vitamin D between fertile and infertile men in a vitamin D deficient endemic area: a case-control study. Urologia. 2017; 84:218–220. PMID: 28665459.
Article
89. Tartagni M, Matteo M, Baldini D, Tartagni MV, Alrasheed H, De Salvia MA, et al. Males with low serum levels of vitamin D have lower pregnancy rates when ovulation induction and timed intercourse are used as a treatment for infertile couples: results from a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2015; 13:127. PMID: 26589555.
Article
90. Blomberg Jensen M, Bjerrum PJ, Jessen TE, Nielsen JE, Joensen UN, Olesen IA, et al. Vitamin D is positively associated with sperm motility and increases intracellular calcium in human spermatozoa. Hum Reprod. 2011; 26:1307–1317. PMID: 21427118.
Article
91. Zhu CL, Xu QF, Li SX, Wei YC, Zhu GC, Yang C, et al. Investigation of serum vitamin D levels in Chinese infertile men. Andrologia. 2016; 48:1261–1266. PMID: 26992658.
Article
92. Deng X, Song Y, Manson JE, Signorello LB, Zhang SM, Shrubsole MJ, et al. Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III. BMC Med. 2013; 11:187. PMID: 23981518.
Article
93. Abbasihormozi S, Kouhkan A, Alizadeh AR, Shahverdi AH, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Sadighi Gilani MA, et al. Association of vitamin D status with semen quality and reproductive hormones in Iranian subfertile men. Andrology. 2017; 5:113–118. PMID: 27792863.
Article
94. Neville G, Martyn F, Kilbane M, O'Riordan M, Wingfield M, McKenna M, et al. Vitamin D status and fertility outcomes during winter among couples undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016; 135:172–176. PMID: 27530219.
Article
95. Jueraitetibaike K, Ding Z, Wang DD, Peng LP, Jing J, Chen L, et al. The effect of vitamin D on sperm motility and the underlying mechanism. Asian J Androl. 2019; DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_105_18. [Epub].
Article
96. Blomberg Jensen M, Lawaetz JG, Petersen JH, Juul A, Jørgensen N. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on semen quality, reproductive hormones, and live birth rate: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018; 103:870–881. PMID: 29126319.
Article
Full Text Links
  • WJMH
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr