Korean J Community Nutr.  2020 Feb;25(1):32-47. 10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.32.

Analysis of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Intakes and Contribution Rates of Major Dish Groups according to Gender, Age, and Region in Korea

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea, Professor.
  • 2Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea, Professor.
  • 3Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea, Professor.
  • 4Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea, Professor.
  • 5Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, South Korea, Professor.
  • 6Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongshin University, Naju, South Korea, Professor.
  • 7Division of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea, Professor. yrhuh@jnu.ac.kr

Abstract


OBJECTIVES
Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups.
METHODS
A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19-69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region.
RESULTS
The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 ± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 ± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 ± 29.8% and 152.6 ± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 ± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 ± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 ± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 ± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 ± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 ± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 ± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 ± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 ± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 ± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region.
CONCLUSIONS
Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.

Keyword

calcium; phosphorus; intake; dish group; contribution rate

MeSH Terms

Adult
Calcium
Calcium, Dietary*
Female
Humans
Korea*
Male
Meals
Nutritional Status
Phosphorus*
Calcium
Calcium, Dietary
Phosphorus

Figure

  • Fig. 1. Recommended nutrients intake (%) of Ca and P intake by gender and age groups The results were analyzed by ANOVA and bar with the different superscripts in age group within gender are significantly different by Duncan's multiple range test.

  • Fig. 2. Contribution rate for Ca (left plot A) and P (right plot B) intake of the all subject by dish groups (n = 640)


Reference

References

1. Cashman KD. Calcium intake, calcium bioavailability and bone health. Br J Nutr. 2002; 87(S2):S169–S177.
Article
2. Flynn A. The role of dietary calcium in bone health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003; 62(4):851–858.
Article
3. Matkovic V, Goel PK, Badenhop-Stevens NE, Landoll JD, Li B, Ilich JZ, et al. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in females from childhood to young adulthood: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(1):175–188.
Article
4. Movassagh EZ, Vatanparast H. Current evidence on the association of dietary patterns and bone health: A scoping review. Adv Nutr. 2017; 8(1):1–16.
Article
5. Weaver CM. Nutrition and bone health. Oral Dis. 2017; 23(4):412–415.
Article
6. Lee YK, Hyun TS, Oh SY, Park HR, Ro HK, Heo YR, et al. Serum calcium is associated with dyslipidemia in a free-living Korean population: a cross sectional study. Trace Elem Electrolytes. 2017; 34(4):159–165.
7. Pannu PK, Calton EK, Soares MJ. Calcium and vitamin D in obesity and related chronic disease. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2016; 77:57–100.
Article
8. Peterlik M, Cross HS. Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency-related chronic diseases: molecular and cellular pathophysiology. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63(12):1377–1386.
Article
9. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Controversy regarding the association of high calcium intake and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014; 16(8):545–550.
Article
10. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2017: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-2). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2018.
11. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intake for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015. p. 570–637.
12. Calvo MS, Tucker KL. Is phosphorus intake that exceeds dietary requirements a risk factor in bone health? Ann NY Acad Sci. 2013; 1301(1):29–35.
Article
13. Calvo MS, Uribarri J. Public health impact of dietary phosphorus excess on bone and cardiovascular health in the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 98(1):6–15.
Article
14. Ito S, Ishida H, Uenishi K, Murakami K, Sasaki S. The relationship between habitual dietary phosphorus and calcium intake, and bone mineral density in young Japanese women: a cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011; 20(3):411–417.
15. Gutiérrez OM, Luzuriaga-McPherson A, Lin Y, Gilbert LC, Ha SW, Beck GR Jr. Impact of phosphorus-based food additives on bone and mineral metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 100(11):4264–4271.
Article
16. Lee AW, Cho SS. Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population. Nutr J. 2015; 14(2):28.
Article
17. Choi YS. Development of research methods for determination of the dietary reference intakes for calcium. Cheongju: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention;2012.
18. Jeong HK, Kim JY, Lee HS, Kim JY. The effect of dietary calcium and phosphate levels on calcium and bone metabolism in rats. Korean J Nutr. 1997; 30(7):813–824.
19. Vorland CJ, Stremke ER, Moorthi RN, Hill Gallant KM. Effects of excessive dietary phosphorus intake on bone health. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2017; 15(5):473–482.
Article
20. Lee YK. Development of sodium adaptation index based on dietary habits of Korean. Cheongju: National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation;2016.
21. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2012: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2013.
22. Bristow SM, Gamble GD, Stewart A, Horne L, House ME, Aati O, et al. Acute and 3-month effects of microcrystalline hydroxyapatite, calcium citrate and calcium carbonate on serum calcium and markers of bone turnover: a randomised controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr. 2014; 112(10):1611–1620.
Article
23. Lau EM, Woo J, Lam V, Hong A. Milk supplementation of the diet of postmenopausal Chinese women on a low calcium intake retards bone loss. J Bone Miner Res. 2001; 16(9):1704–1709.
Article
24. Kim JY, Ahn BI. Effect of consumer's dietary lifestyle on consumption pattern of processed foods. Korean J Food Market Econ. 2015; 32(1):31–53.
25. Host A, McMahon AT, Walton K, Charlton K. Factors influencing food choice for independently living older people: A systematic literature review. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2016; 35(2):67–94.
26. Pechey R, Monsivais P. Socioeconomic inequalities in the healthiness of food choices: Exploring the contributions of food expenditures. Prev Med. 2016; 88:203–209.
Article
27. Kim OY, Kwak SY, Kim B, Kim YS, Kim HY, Shin MJ. Selected food consumption mediates the association between education level and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017; 70(2):122–131.
Article
28. Shin BR, Choi YK, Kim HN, Song SW. High dietary calcium intake and a lack of dairy consumption are associated with metabolic syndrome in obese males: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 to 2012. Nutr Res. 2016; 36(6):518–525.
Article
29. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Office for Healthcare Policy. Korea Health Statistics 2015: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3). Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2016.
30. Calvo MS, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Phosphorus. Adv Nutr. 2015; 6(6):860–862.
Article
31. Takeda E, Yamamoto H, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Taketani Y. Increasing dietary phosphorus intake from food additives: potential for negative impact on bone health. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5(1):92–97.
Article
32. Lou-Arnal LM, Arnaudas-Casanova L, Caverni-Muñoz A, Vercet-Tormo A, Caramelo-Gutiérrez R, Munguía-Navarro P, et al. Hidden sources of phosphorus: presence of phosphorus-containing additives in processed foods. Nefrologia. 2014; 34(4):498–506.
33. Shimada M, Shutto-Uchita Y, Yamabe H. Lack of awareness of dietary sources of phosphorus is a clinical concern. In Vivo. 2019; 33(1):11–16.
Article
34. Korea Rural Economic Institute. The consumer behavior survey for food 2018. Naju: Korea Rural Economic Institute;2018.
35. Adatorwovor R, Roggenkamp K, Anderson JJ. Intakes of calcium and phosphorus and calculated calcium-to-phosphorus ratios of older adults: NHANES 2005–2006 data. Nutrients. 2015; 7(11):9633–9639.
Article
Full Text Links
  • KJCN
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr