J Dent Hyg Sci.  2019 Dec;19(4):213-219. 10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.4.213.

Relationship of Oral Bacterial Load Over One Year of Smoking Cessation

• Kim S
• Seo MS
• Hwang SJ

• KMID: 2469736
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2019.19.4.213

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Smoking exerts an adverse effect on the periodontal tissue by reorganizing the ecosystem of oral microorganisms and is considered to be an important factor in the development of periodontal disease. Although cross-sectional studies on smokers and non-smokers have been attempted to investigate the microbial differences in periodontal oral cavity, only few studies have been conducted to investigate the changes in oral microorganisms during smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of bacteria in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) over a period of one year among 11 smokers trying to quit smoking.
METHODS
Eleven smokers trying to quit smoking visited the clinic at baseline, two weeks, two months, four months, six months, and 12 months to give saliva and GCF samples. The amounts of 16S rRNA, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus in saliva and GCF were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan probe assay. The results were analyzed by nonparametric statistical analysis using Friedman test and Spearman correlation coefficient.
RESULTS
After cessation of smoking, the amounts of 16S rRNA corresponding to P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, and T. denticola in saliva decreased and then again increased significantly. The amount of F. nucleatum 16S rRNA in GCF decreased significantly after smoking cessation. Positive correlations were observed between 16S rRNA and F. nucleatum and between F. nucleatum and T. denticola in saliva and GCF.
CONCLUSION
Even if the number of subjects in this study was small, we suggest that smoking cessation may reduce the total bacterial amount and F. nucleatum in GCF. However, the results regarding changes in the microbial ecosystem due to smoking or smoking cessation were inconsistent. Therefore, further in-depth studies need to be carried out.

Keyword

Bacteria; Periodontal disease; Smoking; Smoking cessation

MeSH Terms

Bacteria
Bacterial Load*
Cross-Sectional Studies
Ecosystem
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Mouth
Periodontal Diseases
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Prevotella intermedia
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Saliva
Smoke*
Smoking Cessation*
Smoking*
Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus sobrinus
Treponema denticola
Smoke