J Dent Anesth Pain Med.  2019 Dec;19(6):323-341. 10.17245/jdapm.2019.19.6.323.

Interventions for anesthetic success in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Affiliations
  • 1Dental Training Department, Ministry of Health, Bahrain. gowri.sivaramakrishnan@gmail.com
  • 2Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Local anesthetics alone or in combination with adjuncts, such as oral medications, have routinely been used for pain control during endodontic treatment. The best clinical choice amongst the vast numbers of agents and techniques available for pain control for irreversible pulpitis is unclear. This network meta-analysis combined the available evidence on agents and techniques for pulpal anesthesia in the maxilla and mandible, in order to identify the best amongst these approaches statistically, as a basis for future clinical trials.
METHODS
Randomized trials in MEDLINE, DARE, and COCHRANE databases were screened based on inclusion criteria and data were extracted. Heterogeneity was assessed and odds ratios were used to estimate effects. Inconsistencies between direct and indirect pooled estimates were evaluated by H-statistics. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation working group approach was used to assess evidence quality.
RESULTS
Sixty-two studies (nine studies in the maxilla and 53 studies in the mandible) were included in the meta-analysis. Increased mandibular pulpal anesthesia success was observed on premedication with aceclofenac + paracetamol or supplemental 4% articaine buccal infiltration or ibuprofen+paracetamol premedication, all the above mentioned with 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). No significant difference was noted for any of the agents investigated in terms of the success rate of maxillary pulpal anesthesia.
CONCLUSION
Direct and indirect comparisons indicated that some combinations of IANB with premedication and/or supplemental infiltration had a greater chance of producing successful mandibular pulpal anesthesia. No ideal technique for maxillary anesthesia emerged. Randomized clinical trials with increased sample size may be needed to provide more conclusive data. Our findings suggest that further high-quality studies are required in order to provide definitive direction to clinicians regarding the best agents and techniques to use for mandibular and maxillary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis.

Keyword

Pain; Pulpitis; Root Canal Therapy

MeSH Terms

Acetaminophen
Anesthesia
Anesthetics, Local
Carticaine
Lidocaine
Mandible
Mandibular Nerve
Maxilla
Odds Ratio
Population Characteristics
Premedication
Pulpitis*
Root Canal Therapy
Sample Size
Acetaminophen
Anesthetics, Local
Carticaine
Lidocaine

Figure

  • Fig. 1 PRISMA flow diagram

  • Fig. 2 Risk-of-bias of included studies.

  • Fig. 3 Forest plot for direct comparison of treatments in the mandible

  • Fig. 4 Forest plot for indirect comparison of treatments in the mandible

  • Fig. 5 Forest plot for indirect comparison of treatments in the maxilla


Reference

1. Boyce RA, Kirpalani T, Mohan N. Updates of topical and local anesthesia agents. Dent Clin North Am. 2016; 445–471. PMID: 27040295.
Article
2. Thomas R. How pain is controlled in endodontic therapy. SAAD Dig. 2015; 31:32–37. PMID: 25895237.
3. Virdee SS, Bhakta S, Seymour D. Effective anesthesia of the acutely inflamed pulp: part 2. Clinical strategies. Br Dent J. 2015; 219:439–445. PMID: 26564355.
4. Kung J, McDonagh M, Sedgley CM. Does articaine provide an advantage over lignocaine in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2015; 41:1784–1794. PMID: 26293174.
5. Su N, Li C, Wang H, Shen J, Liu W, Kou L. Efficacy and safety of articaine versus lignocaine for irreversible pulpitis treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aust Endod J. 2016; 42:4–15. PMID: 27062318.
6. Shirvani A, Shamszadeh S, Eghbal MJ, Marvasti LA, Asgary S. Effect of preoperative oral analgesics on pulpal anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2017; 21:43–52.
Article
7. Li C, Yang X, Ma X, Li L, Shi Z. Preoperative oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the success of the IANB in irreversible pulpitis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Quintessence Int. 2012; 43:209–219. PMID: 22299121.
8. Corbella S, Taschieri S, Mannocci F, Rosen E, Tsesis I, Del Fabbro M. Inferior alveolar nerve block for the treatment of teeth presenting with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Quintessence Int. 2017; 48:69–82. PMID: 27834417.
9. Yadav S. Anesthetic success of supplemental infiltration in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2015; 18:182–186. PMID: 26069400.
Article
10. Brandt RG, Anderson PF, McDonald NJ, Sohn W, Peters MC. The pulpal anesthetic efficacy of articaine versus lidocaine in dentistry: a meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011; 142:493–504. PMID: 21531931.
11. Kung J, McDonagh M, Sedgley CM. Does articaine provide an advantage over lidocaine in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis? a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endod. 2015; 41:1784–1794. PMID: 26293174.
Article
12. Bahcall J, Ashrafi S, Xie Q. The importance of obtaining a pulpal and periradicular diagnosis prior to restorative treatment. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2019; 40:27–31. PMID: 30601019.
13. St George G, Morgan A, Meechan J, Moles DR, Needleman I, Ng YL. Injectable local anesthetic agents for dental anesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 7:DC006487.
14. Li T, Puhan MA, Vedula SS, Singh S, Dickersin K. The Adhoc network meta-analysis methods meeting working group. BMC Med. 2011; 9:79. PMID: 21707969.
15. Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Saleh O, Pasin L, Cabrini L, Zangrillo A, et al. The attractiveness of network meta-analysis: a comprehensive systematic and narrative review. Heart Lung Vessel. 2015; 7:133–142. PMID: 26157739.
16. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6:e1000097. PMID: 19621072.
Article
17. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 5.1.0 edition. last accessed on 09 Feb 2017. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
18. Click V, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Evaluation of the Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi techniques in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized study. J Endod. 2015; 41:16–21. PMID: 25442724.
Article
19. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccal-plus-LIs, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109:303–308. PMID: 20123413.
20. Matthews R, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Articaine for supplemental buccal mandibular infiltration anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis when the inferior alveolar nerve block fails. J Endod. 2009; 35:343–346. PMID: 19249592.
Article
21. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Rizvi A, Miglani S. Comparative evaluation of local infiltration of articaine, articaine plus ketorolac, and dexamethasone on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2011; 37:445–449. PMID: 21419287.
22. Razavian H, Kazemi S, Khazaei S, Jahromi MZ. X-tip intraosseous injection system as a primary anesthesia for irreversible pulpitis of posterior mandibular teeth: A randomized clinical trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2013; 10:210–213. PMID: 23946738.
23. Webster S Jr, Drum M, Reader A, Fowler S, Nusstein J, Beck M. How effective is supplemental intraseptal anesthesia in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2016; 42:1453–1457. PMID: 27663614.
Article
24. Reisman D, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997; 84:676–682. PMID: 9431539.
Article
25. Parirokh M, Sadr S, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV, Askarifard S. Efficacy of supplementary buccal infiltrations and intraligamentary injections to inferior alveolar nerve blocks in mandibular first molars with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2014; 47:926–933. PMID: 24359138.
Article
26. Aggarwal V, Jain A, Kabi D. Anesthetic efficacy of supplemental buccal and lingual infiltrations of articaine and lignocaine after an inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2009; 35:925–929. PMID: 19567309.
27. Parirokh M, Satvati SA, Sharifi R, Rekabi AR, Gorjestani H, Nakhaee N, et al. Efficacy of combining a buccal infiltration with an inferior alveolar nerve block for mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109:468–473. PMID: 20219602.
Article
28. Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Meechan JG. A prospective randomized trial of different supplementary local anesthetic techniques after failure of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular teeth. J Endod. 2012; 38:421–425. PMID: 22414822.
Article
29. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Miglani S, Kohli S. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of epinephrine concentrations (1 : 80 000 and 1 : 200 000) in 2% lignocaine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2014; 47:373–379. PMID: 23895176.
30. Shadmehr E, Aminozarbian MG, Akhavan A, Mahdavian P, Davoudi A. Anesthetic efficacy of lignocaine/clonidine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Int Endod J. 2016; 6:531–539.
31. Stanley W, Drum M, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M. Effect of nitrous oxide on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012; 38:565–569. PMID: 22515880.
Article
32. Jalali S, Moradi Majd N, Torabi S, Habibi M, Homayouni H, Mohammadi N. The effect of acupuncture on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2015; 41:1397–1402. PMID: 26092771.
Article
33. Shetty KP, Satish SV, Kilaru KR, Sardar P, Luke AM. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy between lignocaine with and without magnesium sulfate USP 50% for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2015; 41:431–433. PMID: 25742794.
34. Kreimer T, Kiser R, Reader A, Nusstein J, Drum M, Beck M. Anesthetic efficacy of combinations of 0.5 mol/L mannitol and lignocaine with epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012; 38:598–603. PMID: 22515886.
35. Schellenberg J, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Fowler S, Beck M. Effect of buffered 4% lidocaine on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Endod. 2015; 41:791–796. PMID: 25841959.
Article
36. Saatchi M, Farhad AR, Shenasa N, Haghighi SK. Effect of sodium bicarbonate buccal infiltration on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in mandibular first molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study. J Endod. 2016; 42:1458–1461. PMID: 27507627.
37. Saatchi M, Khademi A, Baghaei B, Noormohammadi H. Effect of sodium bicarbonate-buffered lignocaine on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study. J Endod. 2015; 41:33–35. PMID: 25442722.
38. Dou L, Luo J, Yang D. Anesthetic efficacy of supplemental lingual infiltration of mandibular molars after inferior alveolar nerve block plus buccal infiltration in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Int Endod J. 2013; 46:660–665. PMID: 23331081.
39. Shahi S, Mokhtari H, Rahimi S, Yavari HR, Narimani S, Abdolrahimi M. Effect of premedication with ibuprofen and dexamethasone on success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2013; 39:160–162. PMID: 23321224.
Article
40. Shantiaee Y, Javaheri S, Movahhedian A, Eslami S, Dianat O. Efficacy of preoperative ibuprofen and meloxicam on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Int Dent J. 2017; 67:85–90. PMID: 27933616.
Article
41. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative oral medication of ibuprofen and ketorolac on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2010; 36:375–378. PMID: 20171350.
42. Jena A, Shashirekha G. Effect of preoperative medications on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A placebo-controlled clinical study. J Conserv Dent. 2013; 16:171–174. PMID: 23716973.
Article
43. Parirokh M, Ashouri R, Rekabi AR, Nakhaee N, Pardakhti A, Askarifard S. The effect of premedication with ibuprofen and indomethacin on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2010; 36:1450–1454. PMID: 20728707.
Article
44. Simpson M, Drum M, Nusstein J, Reader A, Beck M. Effect of combination of preoperative ibuprofen/acetaminophen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2011; 37:593–597. PMID: 21496654.
Article
45. Fullmer S, Drum M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Effect of preoperative acetaminophen/hydrocodone on the efficacy of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Endod. 2014; 40:1–5. PMID: 24331983.
Article
46. Ianiro SR, Jeansonne BG, McNeal SF, Eleazer PD. The effect of preoperative acetaminophen or a combination of acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2007; 33:11–14. PMID: 17185119.
Article
47. Lindemann M, Reader A, Nusstein J, Drum M, Beck M. Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2008; 34:1167–1170. PMID: 18793913.
Article
48. Bigby J, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M. Anesthetic efficacy of lignocaine/meperidine for IANBs in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2007; 33:7–10. PMID: 17185118.
49. Akhlaghi NM, Hormozi B, Abbott PV, Khalilak Z. Efficacy of ketorolac buccal infiltrations and inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2016; 42:691–695. PMID: 26964901.
Article
50. Yadav M, Grewal MS, Grewal S, Deshwal P. Comparison of preoperative oral ketorolac on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block and buccal and lingual infiltration with articaine and lidocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. J Endod. 2015; 41:1773–1777. PMID: 26410153.
Article
51. Saha SG, Jain S, Dubey S, Kala S, Misuriya A, Kataria D. Effect of oral premedication on the efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10:ZC25–ZC29. PMID: 27042580.
Article
52. Khademi AA, Saatchi M, Minaiyan M, Rostamizadeh N, Sharafi F. Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012; 38:1337–1339. PMID: 22980173.
Article
53. De Pedro-Muñoz A, Mena-Álvarez J. The effect of preoperative submucosal administration of tramadol on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block on mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2017; 50:1134–1142. PMID: 28214370.
Article
54. Rodríguez-Wong L, Pozos-Guillen A, Silva-Herzog D, Chavarría-Bolaños D. Efficacy of mepivacaine-tramadol combination on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2016; 49:325–333. PMID: 25944414.
Article
55. Prasanna N, Subbarao CV, Gutmann JL. The efficacy of pre-operative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2011; 44:330–336. PMID: 21692235.
Article
56. Sood R, Hans MK, Shetty S. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of 4. articaine with. 000; 1:100.
57. Tortamano IP, Siviero M, Costa CG, Buscariolo IA, Armonia PL. A comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of articaine and lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2009; 35:165–168. PMID: 19166765.
58. Claffey E, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2004; 30:568–571. PMID: 15273637.
Article
59. Allegretti CE, Sampaio RM, Horliana AC, Armonia PL, Rocha RG, Tortamano IP. Anesthetic efficacy in irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Braz Dent J. 2016; 27:381–386. PMID: 27652697.
Article
60. Ahmad ZH, Ravikumar H, Karale R, Preethanath RS, Sukumaran A. Study of the anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block using articaine in irreversible pulpitis. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014; 15:71–74. PMID: 24939268.
Article
61. Poorni S, Veniashok B, Senthilkumar AD, Indira R, Ramachandran S. Anesthetic efficacy of four percent articaine for pulpal anesthesia by using inferior alveolar nerve block and buccal infiltration techniques in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Endod. 2011; 37:1603–1607. PMID: 22099890.
Article
62. Sherman MG, Flax M, Namerow K, Murray PE. Anesthetic efficacy of the Gow-Gates injection and maxillary infiltration with articaine and lignocaine for irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2008; 34:656–659. PMID: 18498883.
63. Rogers BS, Botero TM, McDonald NJ, Gardner RJ, Peters MC. Efficacy of articaine versus lignocaine as a supplemental BI in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Endod. 2014; 40:753–758. PMID: 24862701.
64. Monteiro MR, Groppo FC, Haiter-Neto F, Volpato MC, Almeida JF. 4% articaine BI versus 2% lignocaine inferior alveolar nerve block for emergency root canal treatment in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpits: a randomized clinical study. Int Endod J. 2015; 48:145–152. PMID: 24702239.
65. Bigby J, Reader A, Nusstein J, Beck M, Weaver J. Articaine for supplemental intraosseous anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2006; 32:1044–1047. PMID: 17055903.
Article
66. Fan S, Chen WL, Pan CB, Huang ZQ, Xian MQ, Yang ZH. Anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block plus buccal infiltration or periodontal ligament injections with articaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis in the mandibular first molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 108:89–93.
Article
67. Visconti RP, Tortamano IP, Buscariolo IA. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of mepivacaine and lidocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2016; 42:1314–1319. PMID: 27475099.
68. Sampaio RM, Carnaval TG, Lanfredi CB, Horliana AC, Rocha RG, Tortamano IP. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy between bupivacaine and lignocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis of mandibular molar. J Endod. 2012; 38:594–597. PMID: 22515885.
69. Singla M, Subbiya A, Aggarwal V, Vivekanandhan P, Yadav S, Yadav H, et al. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy of different volumes of 4% articaine (1.8 and 3.6 mL) as supplemental buccal infiltration after failed inferior alveolar nerve block. Int Endod J. 2015; 48:103–108. PMID: 24661235.
70. Abazarpoor R, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV. A comparison of different volumes of articaine for inferior alveolar nerve block for molar teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2015; 41:1408–1411. PMID: 26149210.
Article
71. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Miglani S, Ansari I, Kohli S. A prospective, randomized, single-blind comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of posterior superior alveolar nerve blocks, buccal infiltrations and buccal plus palatal infiltrations in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2011; 37:1491–1494. PMID: 22000449.
Article
72. Mehrvarzfar P, Pourhashemi A, Khodaei F, Bohlouli B, Sarkarat F, Kalantar Motamedi M, et al. The effect of adding fentanyl to epinephrine-containing lignocaine on the anesthesia of maxillary teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a randomized clinical trial. Iran Endod J. 2014; 9:290–294. PMID: 25386212.
73. Elsharrawy EA, Elbaghdady YM. A double-blind comparison of a supplemental interligamentary injection of fentanyl and mepivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for irreversible pulpitis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007; 33:203–207. PMID: 17280925.
Article
74. Atasoy Ulusoy Öİ, Alaçam T. Efficacy of single buccal infiltrations for maxillary first molars in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2014; 47:222–227. PMID: 23656209.
Article
75. Srinivasan N, Kavitha M, Loganathan CS, Padmini G. Comparison of anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lignocaine for maxillary buccal infiltration in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 107:133–136. PMID: 19101495.
76. Hosseini HR, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, V Abbott P, Samani S. Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine for buccal infiltration of first maxillary molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Iran Endod J. 2016; 11:79–84. PMID: 27141212.
77. Ramachandran A, Khan SI, Mohanavelu D, Kumar KS. The efficacy of pre-operative oral medication of paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aceclofenac on the success of maxillary infiltration anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2012; 15:310–314. PMID: 23112474.
Article
78. Kanaa MD, Whitworth JM, Meechan JG. A comparison of the efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine in achieving pulpal anesthesia in maxillary teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012; 38:279–282. PMID: 22341059.
79. Nusstein J, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 1998; 24:487–491. PMID: 9693577.
80. Ghoddusi J, Zarrabi MH, Daneshvar F, Naghavi N. Efficacy of IANB and Gow-Gates techniques in mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: a prospective randomized double blind clinical study. Iran Endod J. 2018; 13:143–148. PMID: 29707005.
81. Gow-Gates GA. The Gow-Gates mandibular block: regional anatomy and analgesia. Aust Endod J. 1998; 24:18–19. PMID: 11431805.
Article
82. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccalplus-lingual infiltrations, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109(2):303–308. PMID: 20123413.
Article
83. Brignardello-Petersen R. Combination of Gow-Gates and inferior alveolar nerve block may result in a higher rate of successful anesthesia than either technique alone. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018; 149:107.
84. Yadav S. Anesthetic success of supplemental infiltration in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2015; 18:182–186. PMID: 26069400.
Article
85. Chopra R, Marwaha M, Bansal K, Mittal M. Evaluation of buccal infiltration with articaine and inferior alveolar nerve block with lignocaine for pulp therapy in mandibular primary molars. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40:301–305. PMID: 27471808.
Article
86. Ahmad M. The anatomical nature of dental paresthesia: a quick review. Open Dent J. 2018; 12:155–159. PMID: 29541262.
Article
87. Aggarwal V, Singla M, Subbiya A, Vivekanandhan P, Sharma V, Sharma R, et al. Effect of preoperative pain on inferior alveolar nerve block. Anesth Prog. 2015; 62:135–139. PMID: 26650491.
Article
Full Text Links
  • JDAPM
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr