1. Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019; 25:93–159.
3. Revill PA, Chisari FV, Block JM, et al. A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 4:545–558.
4. Lok AS, Zoulim F, Dusheiko G, Ghany MG. Hepatitis B cure: from discovery to regulatory approval. Hepatology. 2017; 66:1296–1313.
5. Likhitsup A, Lok AS. Understanding the natural history of hepatitis B virus infection and the new definitions of cure and the endpoints of clinical trials. Clin Liver Dis. 2019; 23:401–416.
6. Blank A, Markert C, Hohmann N, et al. First-in-human application of the novel hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus entry inhibitor myrcludex B. J Hepatol. 2016; 65:483–489.
7. Bogomolov P, Alexandrov A, Voronkova N, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the entry inhibitor myrcludex B: first results of a phase Ib/IIa study. J Hepatol. 2016; 65:490–498.
8. Liang TJ, Block TM, McMahon BJ, et al. Present and future therapies of hepatitis B: from discovery to cure. Hepatology. 2015; 62:1893–1908.
9. Lee HM, Banini BA. Updates on chronic HBV: current challenges and future goals. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2019; 17:271–291.
10. Wang XJ, Hu W, Zhang TY, Mao YY, Liu NN, Wang SQ. Irbesartan, an FDA approved drug for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, is a potent inhibitor for hepatitis B virus entry by disturbing Na(+)-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide activity. Antiviral Res. 2015; 120:140–146.
11. Belloni L, Allweiss L, Guerrieri F, et al. IFN-α inhibits HBV transcription and replication in cell culture and in humanized mice by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the nuclear cccDNA minichromosome. J Clin Invest. 2012; 122:529–537.
12. Cai D, Mills C, Yu W, et al. Identification of disubstituted sulfonamide compounds as specific inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012; 56:4277–4288.
13. Moyo B, Bloom K, Scott T, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Advances with using CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene editing to treat infections with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Virus Res. 2018; 244:311–320.
14. Hynes RO, Coller BS, Porteus M. Toward responsible human genome editing. JAMA. 2017; 317:1829–1830.
15. Lucifora J, Xia Y, Reisinger F, et al. Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA. Science. 2014; 343:1221–1228.
16. Seeger C, Sohn JA. Complete spectrum of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations on HBV cccDNA. Mol Ther. 2016; 24:1258–1266.
17. Flisiak R, Jaroszewicz J, Łucejko M. siRNA drug development against hepatitis B virus infection. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018; 18:609–617.
18. Streinu-Cercel A, Gane E, Cheng W, et al. A phase 2a study evaluating the multi-dose activity of ARB-1467 in HBeAg positive and negative virally suppressed subjects with hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2017; 66:S688–S689.
19. Javanbakht H, Mueller H, Walther J, et al. Liver-targeted anti-HBV single-stranded oligonucleotides with locked nucleic acid potently reduce HBV gene expression in vivo. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2018; 11:441–454.
20. Brezillon N, Brunelle MN, Massinet H, et al. Antiviral activity of Bay 41-4109 on hepatitis B virus in humanized Alb-uPA/SCID mice. PLoS One. 2011; 6:e25096.
21. Ren Q, Liu X, Luo Z, et al. Discovery of hepatitis B virus capsid assembly inhibitors leading to a heteroaryldihydropyrimidine based clinical candidate (GLS4). Bioorg Med Chem. 2017; 25:1042–1056.
22. Al-Mahtab M, Bazinet M, Vaillant A. Safety and efficacy of nucleic acid polymers in monotherapy and combined with immunotherapy in treatment-naive Bangladeshi patients with HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B infection. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0156667.
23. Bazinet M, Pantea V, Placinta G, et al. Update on safety and efficacy in the REP 401 protocol: REP 2139-Mgor REP 2165-Mg used in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and pegylated interferon lpha-2a in treatment naïve caucasian patients with chronic HBeAg negative HBV infection. J Hepatol. 2017; 66:S688–S699.
24. Lanford RE, Guerra B, Chavez D, et al. GS-9620, an oral agonist of toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees. Gastroenterology. 2013; 144:1508–1517.
25. Gane EJ, Lim YS, Gordon SC, et al. The oral toll-like receptor-7 agonist GS-9620 in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2015; 63:320–328.
26. Boni C, Vecchi A, Rossi M, et al. TLR7 agonist increases responses of hepatitis B virus-specific T cells and natural killer cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues. Gastroenterology. 2018; 154:1764–1777.
27. Janssen HLA, Brunetto MR, Kim YJ, et al. Safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of vesatolimod (GS-9620) in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2018; 68:431–440.
28. Koh S, Kah J, Tham CYL, et al. Nonlytic lymphocytes engineered to express virus-specific T-cell receptors limit HBV infection by activating APOBEC3. Gastroenterology. 2018; 155:180–193.
29. Rao M, Valentini D, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for infectious diseases: learning from the cancer paradigm. Int J Infect Dis. 2017; 56:221–228.
30. Pei Y, Wang C, Yan SF, Liu G. Past, current, and future developments of therapeutic agents for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Chem. 2017; 60:6461–6479.
31. Lok AS, Pan CQ, Han SH, et al. Randomized phase II study of GS-4774 as a therapeutic vaccine in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2016; 65:509–516.
32. Boni C, Janssen HLA, Rossi M, et al. Combined GS-4774 and tenofovir therapy can improve HBV-specific T-cell responses in patients with chronic hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2019; 157:227–241.e7.
33. Höner Zu Siederdissen C, Hui AJ, Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, et al. Contrasting timing of virological relapse after discontinuation of tenofovir or entecavir in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients. J Infect Dis. 2018; 218:1480–1484.
34. Wedemeyer H, Hui AJ, Sukeepaisarnjaroen W, et al. Therapeutic vaccination of chronic hepatitis B patients with ABX203 (NASVAC) to prevent relapse after stopping NUCs: contrasting timing rebound between tenofovir and entecavir. J Hepatol. 2017; 66:S101.