J Nutr Health.  2019 Aug;52(4):354-368. 10.4163/jnh.2019.52.4.354.

Estimated glycemic load (eGL) of mixed meals and its associations with cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults: data from the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

• Ha K
• Nam K
• Song Y

• KMID: 2455851
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2019.52.4.354

Abstract

PURPOSE
This study evaluated the glycemic response of diets using estimated glycemic load (eGL), which had been developed for mixed meals for Korean adults, and examined its associations with cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults.
METHODS
A total of 4,655 men and 6,760 women aged 19 years and above were included from the 2013 ~ 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. eGL was calculated by each meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack) and then summed to give daily total eGL. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association.
RESULTS
Mean daily total eGL was 112.6 in men and 99.3 in women. Daily total eGL was positively associated with carbohydrate and fiber intakes, but negatively associated with protein and fat intakes in both men and women (p < 0.05 for all). Daily total eGL showed an inverse association with HDL-cholesterol level in both men and women (p = 0.0036 for men and p = 0.0008 for women). Men in the highest quintile of daily total eGL showed a 66% increased risk of hypercholesterolemia (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.10 ~ 2.50; p for trend = 0.0447) compared with those in the lowest quintile.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that eGL based on carbohydrate, protein, fat and fiber intakes can reflect glycemic response and therefore can be used as an index for dietary planning, nutrition education and in the food industry.

Keyword

glycemic load; mixed meal; carbohydrate; dyslipidemia; Koreans

MeSH Terms

Adult*
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Diet
Dyslipidemias
Education
Female
Food Industry
Glycemic Load*
Humans
Hypercholesterolemia
Korea*
Logistic Models
Lunch
Male
Meals*
Nutrition Surveys*
Risk Factors*

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Distribution of estimated glycemic load among Korean adults by sex (A) and age groups (B) using the data from 2013 ~ 2016 KNHANES. The complex sampling design parameters of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used.

• 

  Fig. 2 Food group consumption of study participants according to quintile of energy-adjusted daily total estimated glycemic load (eGL) by sex. Q: quintile of energy-adjusted daily total eGL. %Servings = the number of servings consumed/the recommended number of servings based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans×100. MFEB: meat, fish, eggs, and beans. The complex sampling design parameters of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used from a general linear model after adjusted for age, body mass index, education, household income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake. * p for trend < 0.05, ** p for trend < 0.0001

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