Yonsei Med J.  2019 Aug;60(8):804-810. 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.8.804.

Cohort Profile: The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center Cohort in Korea

• Shim JS
• Song BM
• Lee JH
• Lee SW
• Park JH
• Choi DP
• Lee MH
• Ha KH
• Kim DJ
• Park S
• Lee WW
• Youm Y
• Shin EC
• Kim HC

• KMID: 2452963
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2019.60.8.804

Abstract

Mortalities from cardiovascular disease in Korea have decreased markedly over the past three decades. The major cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, however, remain prevalent, and their burden on health is large. The Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) planned a cohort study in order to identify novel risk factors and to develop evidence-based prevention strategies of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The CMERC deliberately designed two prospective cohorts, a community-based general population cohort (the CMERC cohort) and its sister cohort (a hospital-based high-risk patient cohort), covering a broad spectrum of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This paper describes the CMERC cohort study of community-dwelling adults aged 30 to 64 years. A total of 8097 adults completed baseline measurement between 2013 and 2018. Baseline measurements assessed socio-demographic factors, medical history, health-related behaviors, psychological health, social network and support, anthropometry, body composition, and resting blood pressure and comprised electrocardiography, carotid artery ultrasonography, fasting blood analysis, and urinalysis. Both active follow-up through an annual telephone survey and a 5-year on-site health examination survey and passive follow-up through secondary data linkage with national databases, such as national death records, have been applied. Researchers interested in collaborative research may contact the corresponding author.

Keyword

Cohort studies; cardiovascular diseases; metabolic diseases; adult; Republic of Korea

MeSH Terms

Adult
Anthropometry
Blood Pressure
Body Composition
Cardiovascular Diseases
Carotid Arteries
Cohort Studies*
Death Certificates
Electrocardiography
Fasting
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Information Storage and Retrieval
Korea*
Metabolic Diseases*
Mortality
Prospective Studies
Republic of Korea
Risk Factors
Siblings
Telephone
Ultrasonography
Urinalysis

Reference

1. Lee HY, Park JB. The Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension in 2013: its essentials and key points. Pulse (Basel). 2015; 3:21–28. PMID: 26587454.

2. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018; 71:e13–e115. PMID: 29133356.

3. Gersh BJ, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM, Yusuf S. Novel therapeutic concepts: the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the developing world: global implications. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31:642–648. PMID: 20176800.

4. Joseph P, Leong D, McKee M, Anand SS, Schwalm JD, Teo K, et al. Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, Part 1: the epidemiology and risk factors. Circ Res. 2017; 121:677–694. PMID: 28860318.

5. Levenson JW, Skerrett PJ, Gaziano JM. Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease: the role of risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2002; 5:188–199. PMID: 12417828.

6. Shim JS, Song BM, Lee JH, Lee SW, Park JH, Choi DP, et al. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center (CMERC) cohort: study protocol and results of the first 3 years of enrollment. Epidemiol Health. 2017; 39:e2017016. PMID: 28395401.

7. Chun MY. Validity and reliability of Korean version of international physical activity questionnaire short form in the elderly. Korean J Fam Med. 2012; 33:144–151. PMID: 22787536.

8. Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131:485–491. PMID: 10507956.

9. Kim DW, Song S, Lee JE, Oh K, Shim J, Kweon S, et al. Reproducibility and validity of an FFQ developed for the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Public Health Nutr. 2015; 18:1369–1377. PMID: 25167205.

10. Yun SH, Shim JS, Kweon S, Oh K. Development of a food frequency questionnaire for the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Korean J Nutr. 2013; 46:186–196.

11. Lim SY, Lee EJ, Jeong SW, Kim HC, Jeong CH, Jeon TY, et al. The validation study of Beck depression scale 2 in Korean version. Anxiety Mood. 2011; 7:48–53.

12. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011; 63(Suppl 11):S454–S466. PMID: 22588766.

13. Lee Y. Association between depression and attribution style, life event, event attribution and hopelessness: structural equation model analysis [dissertation]. Seoul (KR): Seoul National University;1993.

14. Sarason I, Johnson JH, Siegel JM. Assessing the impact of life changes: development of the Life Experiences Survey. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1978; 46:932–946. PMID: 701572.

15. Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, et al. Korean version of mini mental status examination for dementia screening and its' short form. Psychiatry Investig. 2010; 7:102–108.

16. Youm Y, Laumann EO, Ferraro KF, Waite LJ, Kim HC, Park YR, et al. Social network properties and self-rated health in later life: comparisons from the Korean social life, health, and aging project and the national social life, health and aging project. BMC Geriatr. 2014; 14:102. PMID: 25217892.

17. Yu HT, Park S, Shin EC, Lee WW. T cell senescence and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Exp Med. 2016; 16:257–263. PMID: 26188489.

18. Cho SY, Hong EJ, Nam JM, Han B, Chu C, Park O. Opening of the national biobank of Korea as the infrastructure of future biomedical science in Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2012; 3:177–184. PMID: 24159511.

19. Lee JH, Choi DP, Shim JS, Kim DJ, Park SH, Kim HC. Inter-rater reliability of carotid intima-media thickness measurements in a multicenter cohort study. J Health Inform Stat. 2016; 41:49–56.

20. Choi H, Shim JS, Lee MH, Yoon YM, Choi DP, Kim HC. Comparison of formulas for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in general population and high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. Korean Circ J. 2016; 46:688–698. PMID: 27721861.

21. Song BM, Kim HC, Shim JS, Lee MH, Choi DP. Inter-arm difference in brachial blood pressure in the general population of Koreans. Korean Circ J. 2016; 46:374–383. PMID: 27275174.

22. Kim HJ, Kim YG, Park JS, Ahn YH, Ha KH, Kim DJ. Association between blood glucose level derived using the oral glucose tolerance test and glycated hemoglobin level. Korean J Intern Med. 2016; 31:535–542. PMID: 26898598.

23. Jung SH, Ha KH, Kim DJ. Visceral fat mass has stronger associations with diabetes and prediabetes than other anthropometric obesity indicators among Korean adults. Yonsei Med J. 2016; 57:674–680. PMID: 26996568.

24. Han SJ, Ha KH, Jeon JY, Kim HJ, Lee KW, Kim DJ. Impact of cadmium exposure on the association between lipopolysaccharide and metabolic syndrome. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12:11396–11409. PMID: 26378560.

25. Choi YJ, Ha KH, Kim DJ. Exposure to bisphenol A is directly associated with inflammation in healthy Korean adults. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017; 24:284–290. PMID: 27714659.

26. Park JS, Ha KH, He K, Kim DJ. Association between blood mercury level and visceral adiposity in adults. Diabetes Metab J. 2017; 41:113–120. PMID: 28029015.

27. Heo JE, Kim HC, Shim JS, Song BM, Bae HY, Lee HJ, et al. Association of appendicular skeletal muscle mass with carotid intima-media thickness according to body mass index in Korean adults. Epidemiol Health. 2018; 40:e2018049. PMID: 30336662.

28. Heo JE, Shim JS, Song BM, Bae HY, Lee HJ, Lee E, et al. Association between appendicular skeletal muscle mass and depressive symptoms: review of the cardiovascular and metabolic diseases etiology research center cohort. J Affect Disord. 2018; 238:8–15. PMID: 29852344.

29. Ock SY, Ha KH, Kim BK, Kim HC, Shim JS, Lee MH, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is independently inversely associated with insulin resistance in the healthy, non-obese Korean population. Diabetes Metab J. 2016; 40:367–375. PMID: 27535642.

30. Yang J, Hong N, Shim JS, Rhee Y, Kim HC. Association of insulin resistance with lower bone volume and strength index of the proximal femur in nondiabetic postmenopausal women. J Bone Metab. 2018; 25:123–132. PMID: 29900162.

31. Hwang Y, Yu HT, Kim DH, Jang J, Kim HY, Kang I, et al. Expansion of CD8(+) T cells lacking the IL-6 receptor α chain in patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD). Atherosclerosis. 2016; 249:44–51. PMID: 27062409.

32. Kim HY, Yoo TH, Hwang Y, Lee GH, Kim B, Jang J, et al. Indoxyl sulfate (IS)-mediated immune dysfunction provokes endothelial damage in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Sci Rep. 2017; 7:3057. PMID: 28596556.