J Stroke.  2018 May;20(2):180-196. 10.5853/jos.2018.00780.

Updates on Prevention of Cardioembolic Strokes

• Topcuoglu
• Liu L
• Kim DE
• Gurol ME

• KMID: 2424422
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2018.00780

Abstract

Cardiac embolism continues to be a leading etiology of ischemic strokes worldwide. Although pathologies that result in cardioembolism have not changed over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the treatment and stroke prevention methods for these conditions. Atrial fibrillation remains the prototypical cause of cardioembolic strokes. The availability of new long-term monitoring devices for atrial fibrillation detection such as insertable cardiac monitors has allowed accurate detection of this leading cause of cardioembolism. The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants have improved our ability to prevent strokes for many patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Advances in left atrial appendage closure and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of the WATCHMAN (Boston Scientific) device for stroke prevention in NVAF patients who have an appropriate rationale for a nonpharmacological alternative, have revolutionized the field and provided a viable option for patients at higher hemorrhagic risk. The role of patent foramen ovale closure for secondary prevention in selected patients experiencing cryptogenic ischemic strokes at a relatively young age has become clearer thanks to the very recent publication of long-term outcomes from three major studies. Advances in the management of infective endocarditis, heart failure, valvular diseases, and coronary artery disease have significantly changed the management of such patients, but have also revealed new concerns related to assessment of ischemic versus hemorrhagic risk in the setting of antithrombotic use. The current review article aims to discuss these advances especially as they pertain to the stroke neurology practice.

Keyword

Ischemic stroke; Cardioembolism; Atrial fibrillation; Anticoagulants; Left atrial appendage closure; Patent foramen ovale closure

MeSH Terms

Anticoagulants
Atrial Appendage
Atrial Fibrillation
Coronary Artery Disease
Embolism
Endocarditis
Foramen Ovale, Patent
Heart Failure
Humans
Neurology
Pathology
Publications
Secondary Prevention
Stroke*
United States Food and Drug Administration
Anticoagulants