J Korean Acad Oral Health.  2018 Sep;42(3):90-96. 10.11149/jkaoh.2018.42.3.90.

Galla chinensis extracts and calcium induce remineralization and antibacterial effects of enamel in a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model

• Kim EJ
• Jin BH

• KMID: 2421270
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2018.42.3.90

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) and calcium (CA) on enamel remineralization. The antibacterial effect of G. chinensis on Streptococcus mutans biofilm was also evaluated by examining the bacterial growth, acidogenesis, and morphology of the biofilm in vitro.
METHODS
S. mutans biofilm was formed on bovine enamel specimens over a 72-h period and treated for 10 min with 1.0 mol CA, 4,000 ppm aqueous solution of GCE, or a combination of the two (GCE+CA). The enamel specimens were analyzed for enamel surface microhardness after remineralization. We tested the anti-cariogenic effects of GCE based on the inhibition of acid production, antibacterial activity, and morphological changes in S. mutans. The differences between the groups and antibacterial effects were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance.
RESULTS
GCE+CA group showed the highest efficacy in enhancing remineralization. The GCE group showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans biofilm. Although the GCE+CA group showed significant antibacterial activity, it was less than that of the GCE group (P < 0.05). Both GCE and GCE+CA groups maintained a pH of approximately 7.0 for 1 h whereas the pH of the control group decreased rapidly from pH 7.3 to pH 6.1. SEM imaging revealed that S. mutans treated with GCE and GCE+CA showed irregular cell wall structure and showed fewer cells in the chain than the typical long chains observed in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found that natural G. chinensis significantly enhances enamel remineralization, and exerts synergistic effects with calcium. It also exerts strong bactericidal activity and inhibits acid production and changes in the microstructure of S. mutans biofilm.

Keyword

Anti-bacterial agents; Combined effect; Galla chinensis; Remineralization

MeSH Terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Biofilms*
Calcium*
Cell Wall
Dental Enamel*
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
In Vitro Techniques
Streptococcus mutans*
Streptococcus*
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Calcium

Figure

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  Fig. 1. Flowchart of the in vitro experimental study design.

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  Fig. 2. Acidogenicity of S. mutans biofilms was determined by measuring the pH of media.

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  Fig. 3. SEM images of the S. mutans biofilm after 10 min treatment. (A) GCE, (B) GCE+CA, (C) CA, and (D) Control.

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