Korean J Orthod.  2018 May;48(3):163-171. 10.4041/kjod.2018.48.3.163.

Antibacterial and remineralization effects of orthodontic bonding agents containing bioactive glass

• Kim YM
• Kim DH
• Song CW
• Yoon SY
• Kim SY
• Na HS
• Chung J
• Kim YI
• Kwon YH

• KMID: 2418327
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2018.48.3.163

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and biological properties of orthodontic bonding agents containing silver- or zinc-doped bioactive glass (BAG) and determine the antibacterial and remineralization effects of these agents.
METHODS
BAG was synthesized using the alkali-mediated solgel method. Orthodontic bonding agents containing BAG were prepared by mixing BAG with flowable resin. Transbondâ„¢ XT (TXT) and Charmfilâ„¢ Flow (CF) were used as controls. Ion release, cytotoxicity, antibacterial properties, the shear bond strength, and the adhesive remnant index were evaluated. To assess the remineralization properties of BAG, micro-computed tomography was performed after pH cycling.
RESULTS
The BAG-containing bonding agents showed no noticeable cytotoxicity and suppressed bacterial growth. When these bonding agents were used, demineralization after pH cycling began approximately 200 to 300 µm away from the bracket. On the other hand, when CF and TXT were used, all surfaces that were not covered by the adhesive were demineralized after pH cycling.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that orthodontic bonding agents containing silver- or zinc-doped BAG have stronger antibacterial and remineralization effects compared with conventional orthodontic adhesives; thus, they are suitable for use in orthodontic practice.

Keyword

Bioactive glass; Adhesive; Antibacterial; Remineralization

MeSH Terms

Adhesives
Dental Cements
Glass*
Hand
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Methods
Adhesives
Dental Cements

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Change in calcium (A), phosphate (B), silver (C), and zinc (D) concentrations over time in ion dissolution tests for the orthodontic bonding agents tested in the present study (control [CF and TXT] and bioactive-glass containing agents). The calcium and phosphate concentrations have decreased in all samples after 72 hours. Silver is first detected at 6 hours in the A1-10 and A1Z5-10 groups, and it exhibits a continuous increase in concentration up to 840 hours. A very small amount of zinc is detected after 840 hours. CF, CharmfilTM Flow (A2 shade, Denkist, Seoul, Korea); TXT, TransbondTM XT (3M, Monrovia, CA, USA). A0: 58-SiO, 33-CaO, 9-P2O5; A1: 58-SiO, 32-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O; A1Z5: 58-SiO, 27-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O, 5-ZnO; Z5: 58-SiO, 28-CaO, 9-P2O5, 5-ZnO.

• 

  Figure 2 Mean changes in pH over time in ion dissolution tests for the orthodontic bonding agents tested in the present study (control [CF and TXT] and bioactive-glass containing agents). No pH changes can be observed over time. CF, CharmfilTM Flow (A2 shade, Denkist, Seoul, Korea); TXT, TransbondTM XT (3M, Monrovia, CA, USA); SBF, simulated body fluid. A0: 58-SiO, 33-CaO, 9-P2O5; A1: 58-SiO, 32-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O; A1Z5: 58-SiO, 27-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O, 5-ZnO; Z5: 58-SiO, 28-CaO, 9-P2O5, 5-ZnO.

• 

  Figure 3 Microhardness of bioactive-glass (BAG)-containing orthodontic bonding agents tested in the present study. When BAG was added to CF, the microhardness increased significantly. In particular, the hardness of CF mixed with 15% (wt/wt) A1Z5 was similar to that of TXT. CF, CharmfilTM Flow (A2 shade, Denkist, Seoul, Korea); TXT, TransbondTM XT (3M, USA). A0: 58-SiO, 33-CaO, 9-P2O5; A1: 58-SiO, 32-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O; A1Z5: 58-SiO, 27-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O, 5-ZnO; Z5: 58-SiO, 28-CaO, 9-P2O5, 5-ZnO. a-eDifferent superscripts (3M, Monrovia, CA, USA) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). The error bars represent the standard deviation in each group.

• 

  Figure 4 Antibacterial properties of bioactive-glass containing orthodontic bonding agents tested in the present study (n = 21, 3 samples for each group). CF, CharmfilTM Flow (A2 shade, Denkist, Seoul, Korea); TXT, TransbondTM XT (3M, Monrovia, CA, USA). A0: 58-SiO, 33-CaO, 9-P2O5; A1: 58-SiO, 32-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O; A1Z5: 58-SiO, 27-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O, 5-ZnO; Z5: 58-SiO, 28-CaO, 9-P2O5, 5-ZnO. a-dDifferent superscripts indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). The error bars represent the standard deviation in each group.

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  Figure 5 Representative micro-computed tomography slices obtained after pH cycling for the orthodontic bonding agents tested in the present study (control [CF and TXT] and bioactive-glass [BAG]-containing agents). There are significant differences in the lesion depth, mineral loss in the lesion, and remineralization zone width among groups. The BAG-containing agents have caused demineralization from an area approximately 200 to 300 µm away from the bracket edge. Z5-10 exhibits the least mineral loss and smallest lesion depth. CF, CharmfilTM Flow (A2 shade, Denkist, Seoul, Korea); TXT, TransbondTM XT (3M, Monrovia, CA, USA). A0: 58-SiO, 33-CaO, 9-P2O5; A1: 58-SiO, 32-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O; A1Z5: 58-SiO, 27-CaO, 9-P2O5, 1-Ag2O, 5-ZnO; Z5: 58-SiO, 28-CaO, 9-P2O5, 5-ZnO.

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