Molecular Genetic Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease

Han, Seol Heui

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cause of one of the most common types of dementia, is pathologically characterized by cholinergic deficits, extracellular amyloid deposit, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and neuronal and synaptic loss. The primary clinical manifestation of AD is a profound global dementia that is marked by severe amnesia with additional deficits in language, executive functions, attention, and visuospatial and constructional abilities. Molecular genetic studies have identified at least three genes that, when mutated, cause the autosomal dominant, early-onset familial form of the disease The late-onset, most common forms of the disease are likely to be associated with various genetic susceptibility factors. Research on the underlying pathophysiological dysfunction finally disclosed more disease-specific processes. Of particular importance is the identification and characterization of the secretases involved in endoproteolytic processing of Î²-amyloid precursor protein, the precursor of the amyloid Î²-peptide(AÎ²). It is generally accepted that AÎ² plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and that reducing brain AÎ² levels may be a disease-modifying strategy. By inhibiting one or both amyloidogenic secretases and immunization with AÎ², neuropathological features of AD can be prevented or alleviated.