Tissue Eng Regen Med.  2017 Dec;14(6):643-652. 10.1007/s13770-017-0096-4.

New Advances in Human X Chromosome Status from a Developmental and Stem Cell Biology

• Patterson
• Tanaka Y
• Park IH

• KMID: 2411861
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-017-0096-4

Abstract

Recent advances in stem cell biology have dramatically increased the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanism of pluripotency and cell fate determination. Additionally, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, arose as essential resources for disease modeling and cellular therapeutics. Despite these advancements, the epigenetic dysregulation in pluripotency such as the imprinting status, and X chromosome dosage compensation, and its consequences on future utility of PSCs yet remain unresolved. In this review, we will focus on the X chromosome regulation in human PSCs (hPSCs). We will introduce the previous findings in the dosage compensation process on mouse model, and make comparison with those of human systems. Particularly, the X chromosome activation status of human preimplantation embryos, and the regulation of the active X chromosome by human specific lincRNA, X Active Coating Transcript (XACT), will be discussed. We will also discuss the recent findings on higher order X chromosome architecture, and abnormal X chromosome status in hPSCs.

Keyword

Human pluripotent stem cells; X chromosome; X-inactive specific transcript; X Active coating transcript

MeSH Terms

Animals
Biology*
Blastocyst
Chromosomes, Human, X*
Compensation and Redress
Embryonic Stem Cells
Epigenomics
Humans*
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Mice
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Stem Cells*
X Chromosome