Infect Chemother.  2013 Mar;45(1):69-75.

Clinical Characteristics of Vivax Malaria and Analysis of Recurred Patients

• Kwak YG
• Lee HK
• Kim M
• Um TH
• Cho CR

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Plasmodium vivax malaria is an acute debilitating illness characterized by recurrent paroxysmal fever and relapses from hypnozoites in the liver. Although a few studies reported clinical characteristics of vivax malaria in civilians after reemergence in the Republic of Korea, only a small group of patients was analyzed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had been diagnosed with vivax malaria by peripheral blood smear in a university-affiliated hospital located in a malaria-endemic area between January 2005 and December 2009.
RESULTS
During the study period, a total of 352 malarial cases from 341 patients were diagnosed. Vivax malaria was most commonly developed in July and August, 24.7% (87/352), and 21.9% (77/352), respectively. The mean (SD) age was 42.5 (14.7) years and the number of male patients was 243 (71.3%). Six patients had a previous history of vivax malaria from 6 months to 10 years before. A total of 337 patients (98.8%) had fever and the mean (SD) body temperature was 38.3 (1.4)degrees C. Common associated symptoms were chills (213/341, 62.5%), headache (115/341, 33.7%), and myalgia (85/341, 24.9%). Laboratory findings included thrombocytopenia (340/341, 99.7%), anemia (97/341, 28.5%), leukopenia (148/341, 43.4%), increase of aspartate transaminase (177/341, 51.9%), and increase of alanine transaminase (187/341, 54.8%). Hypotension (14/341, 4.1%), altered mentality (3/341, 0.9%), azotemia (3/341, 0.9%), spleen infarction (2/341, 0.6%), and spleen rupture (1/341, 0.3%) developed as complications. Chloroquine was administered to all patients and primaquine was administered with mean (SD) 3.39 (0.82) mg/kg to 320 patients. There were 11 recurrent infections during the study period. The median (range) time to recurrent infection was 100 (32-285) days. Platelet counts were higher (86,550 vs. 56,910/mm3) and time to treatment of malaria was shorter (5 vs. 7 days) in relapsed cases compared with first occurrence cases (P=0.046).
CONCLUSIONS
The overall recurrence rate of vivax malaria was 3.2% (11/341) in this study. In recurred cases, malaria was diagnosed earlier and thrombocytopenia was less severe. To evaluate the risk factors associated with recurrence and adequate dose of primaquine in Korean patients, further large-scale prospective studies will be needed.

Keyword

Vivax malaria; Recurrence

MeSH Terms

Alanine Transaminase
Anemia
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Azotemia
Body Temperature
Chills
Chloroquine
Fever
Headache
Humans
Hypotension
Infarction
Leukopenia
Liver
Malaria
Malaria, Vivax
Male
Medical Records
Platelet Count
Primaquine
Recurrence
Republic of Korea
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Rupture
Spleen
Thrombocytopenia
Time-to-Treatment
Alanine Transaminase
Aspartate Aminotransferases
Chloroquine
Primaquine

Figure

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  Figure 1 Monthly distribution of 352 vivax malaria cases during the study period.

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