1. Suares NC, Ford AC. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:1582–1591.
Article
2. Jeong JJ, Choi MG, Cho YS, et al. Chronic gastrointestinal abdominals and quality of life in the Korean population. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14:6388–6394.
3. Jun DW, Park HY, Lee OY, et al. A population-based study on bowel habits in a Korean community: prevalence of functional abdominal and self-reported constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 2006; 51:1471–1477.
4. Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016; 150:1393–1407.e5.
Article
5. Johanson JF, Kralstein J. Chronic constipation: a survey of the abdominal perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 25:599–608.
6. Moayyedi P, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al. The effect of fiber supplementation on irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109:1367–1374.
Article
7. Lembo A, Camilleri M. Chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349:1360–1368.
Article
8. Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013; 144:218–238.
Article
9. Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al. American College of abdominal monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109(Suppl 1):S2–S26. quiz S27.
10. Attaluri A, Donahoe R, Valestin J, Brown K, Rao SS. Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 33:822–828.
Article
11. Cheng CW, Bian ZX, Zhu LX, Wu JC, Sung JJ. Efficacy of a Chinese herbal proprietary medicine (hemp seed pill) for functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:120–129.
Article
12. Kim JY, Kim OY, Yoo HJ, et al. Effects of fiber supplements on functional constipation. Korean J Nutr. 2006; 39:35–43.
13. Kim TI, Park SJ, Choi CH, Lee SK, Kim WH. Effect of ear mushroom (auricularia) on functional constipation. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2004; 44:34–41.
14. Food guide for the patients with functional gastrointestinal diorders. [Internet]. Seoul: The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility;2017 May 25. [cited 2017 Jun 15]. Available from:. http://www.ksgm.org/.
15. Bouras EP, Tangalos EG. Chronic constipation in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2009; 38:463–480.
Article
16. Lederle FA, Busch DL, Mattox KM, West MJ, Aske DM. Cost-abdominal treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose. Am J Med. 1990; 89:597–601.
17. Chey WD. The role of food in the functional gastrointestinal abdominal: introduction to a manuscript series. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:694–697.
18. Xing JH, Soffer EE. Adverse effects of laxatives. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44:1201–1209.
Article
19. Klauser AG, Voderholzer WA, Heinrich CA, Schindlbeck NE, Müller-Lissner SA. Behavioral modification of colonic function. Can constipation be learned? Dig Dis Sci. 1990; 35:1271–1275.
Article
20. Hobbis IC, Turpin G, Read NW. Abnormal illness behaviour and locus of control in patients with functional bowel disorders. Br J Health Psychol. 2003; 8(Pt 4):393–408.
Article
21. Ashraf W, Park F, Lof J, Quigley EM. An examination of the abdominal of reported stool frequency in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996; 91:26–32.
22. Voskuijl W, de Lorijn F, Verwijs W, et al. PEG 3350 (transipeg) abdominal lactulose in the treatment of childhood functional abdominal: a double blind, randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. Gut. 2004; 53:1590–1594.
23. Attar A, Lémann M, Ferguson A, et al. Comparison of a low dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution with lactulose for abdominal of chronic constipation. Gut. 1999; 44:226–230.
24. Chaussade S, Minić M. Comparison of efficacy and safety of two doses of two different polyethylene glycol-based laxatives in the treatment of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17:165–172.
Article
25. Dipalma JA, Cleveland MV, McGowan J, Herrera JL. A abdominal, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of polyethylene glycol laxative for chronic treatment of chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102:1436–1441.
26. Culbert P, Gillett H, Ferguson A. Highly effective new oral therapy for faecal impaction. Br J Gen Pract. 1998; 48:1599–1600.
27. Chen CC, Su MY, Tung SY, Chang FY, Wong JM, Geraint M. Evaluation of polyethylene glycol plus electrolytes in the treatment of severe constipation and faecal impaction in adults. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005; 21:1595–1602.
Article
28. Ford AC, Suares NC. Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and metaanalysis. Gut. 2011; 60:209–218.
Article
29. Migeon-Duballet I, Chabin M, Gautier A, et al. abdominal efficacy and cost-effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 3350 plus abdominal in chronic constipation: a retrospective study in a disabled population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006; 22:1227–1235.
30. Cinca R, Chera D, Gruss HJ, Halphen M. Randomised clinical trial: macrogol/PEG 3350+electrolytes versus prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation – a comparison in a controlled environment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 37:876–886.
Article
31. Ikarashi N, Baba K, Ushiki T, et al. The laxative effect of bisacodyl is attributable to decreased aquaporin-3 expression in the colon induced by increased PGE2 secretion from macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011; 301:G887–G895.
32. Schang JC, Hémond M, Hébert M, Pilote M. Changes in colonic myoelectric spiking activity during stimulation by bisacodyl. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1986; 64:39–43.
Article
33. Frexinos J, Staumont G, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Effects of senno-sides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man. Dig Dis Sci. 1989; 34:214–219.
Article
34. Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Wald A, et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium abdominal in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:897–903.
35. Kamm MA, Mueller-Lissner S, Wald A, Richter E, Swallow R, Gessner U. Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in abdominals with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 9:577–583.
36. Nelson AD, Camilleri M, Chirapongsathorn S, et al. Comparison of efficacy of pharmacological treatments for chronic idiopathic constipation: a systematic review and network metaanalysis. Gut. 2016; Jun 10:pii: gutjnl-2016–311835. [Epub ahead of print].
Article
37. Chmielewska A, Szajewska H. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: probiotics for functional constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16:69–75.
38. Kim SE, Choi SC, Park KS, et al. Change of fecal flora and abdominalness of the short-term VSL#3 probiotic treatment in patients with functional constipation. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015; 21:111–120.
39. Prather CM, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, McKinzie S, Thomforde G. Tegaserod accelerates orocecal transit in patients with abdominal-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2000; 118:463–468.
40. Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD, Thomforde G, McKinzie S, Zinsmeister AR. Prucalopride accelerates gastrointestinal and colonic transit in patients with constipation without a rectal evacuation disorder. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120:354–360.
Article
41. Grider JR, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Jin JG. 5-hydroxytryptamine4 abdominal agonists initiate the peristaltic reflex in human, rat, and guinea pig intestine. Gastroenterology. 1998; 115:370–380.
42. Tack J, van Outryve M, Beyens G, Kerstens R, Vandeplassche L. Prucalopride (resolor) in the treatment of severe chronic constipation in patients dissatisfied with laxatives. Gut. 2009; 58:357–365.
Article
43. Quigley EM, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R, Ausma J. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation–a 12-week, abdominal, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 29:315–328.
44. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, Vandeplassche L. A placebo-abdominalled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358:2344–2354.
45. Goldberg M, Li YP, Johanson JF, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy and tolerability of velusetrag, a selective 5-HT4 agonist with high intrinsic activity, in chronic idiopathic constipation – a 4-week, abdominal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 32:1102–1112.
46. Yiannakou Y, Piessevaux H, Bouchoucha M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial to evaluate the abdominal, safety, and tolerability of prucalopride in men with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015; 110:741–748.
47. Vigone B, Caronni M, Severino A, et al. Preliminary safety and abdominal profile of prucalopride in the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related intestinal involvement: results from the open label abdominal PROGASS study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017; 19:145.
Article
48. Johanson JF, Morton D, Geenen J, Ueno R. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of abdominal, a locally-acting type-2 chloride channel activator, in abdominals with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103:170–177.
49. Lembo AJ, Johanson JF, Parkman HP, Rao SS, Miner PB Jr, Ueno R. abdominal safety and effectiveness of lubiprostone, a chloride channel (ClC-2) activator, in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 2011; 56:2639–2645.
Article
50. Johanson JF, Drossman DA, Panas R, Wahle A, Ueno R. Clinical trial: phase 2 study of lubiprostone for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 27:685–696.
Article
51. Fukudo S, Hongo M, Kaneko H, Takano M, Ueno R. Lubiprostone increases spontaneous bowel movement frequency and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 13:294–301.e5.
Article
52. Vaandrager AB. Structure and function of the heat-stable enter-otoxin receptor/guanylyl cyclase C. Mol Cell Biochem. 2002; 230:73–83.
Article
53. Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Lavins BJ, et al. Linaclotide for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: a 26-week, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1702–1712.
Article
54. Rao S, Lembo AJ, Shiff SJ, et al. A 12-week, randomized, abdominalled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to abdominal the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel abdominal with constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1714–1724. quiz p.1725.
55. Quigley EM, Tack J, Chey WD, et al. Randomised clinical trials: abdominal phase 3 studies in IBS-C – a prespecified further abdominal based on European Medicines Agency-specified endpoints. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 37:49–61.
56. Miner PB Jr, Koltun WD, Wiener GJ, et al. A randomized phase III clinical trial of plecanatide, a uroguanylin analog, in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017; 112:613–621.
Article
57. Wong BS, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, Burton D, Graffner H, Zinsmeister AR. Effects of A3309, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, on colonic transit and symptoms in females with functional constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:2154–2164.
Article
58. Chey WD, Camilleri M, Chang L, Rikner L, Graffner H. A abdominal placebo-controlled phase IIb trial of a3309, a bile acid abdominal inhibitor, for chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:1803–1812.