Clin Endosc.  2017 May;50(3):254-260. 10.5946/ce.2016.115.

Clinical and Biological Features of Interval Colorectal Cancer

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.

Abstract

Interval colorectal cancer (I-CRC) is defined as a CRC diagnosed within 60 months after a negative colonoscopy, taking into account that 5 years is the "mean sojourn time." It is important to prevent the development of interval cancer. The development of interval colon cancer is associated with female sex, old age, family history of CRC, comorbidities, diverticulosis, and the skill of the endoscopist. During carcinogenesis, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) share many genomic and colonic site characteristics with I-CRCs. The clinical and biological features of I-CRC should be elucidated to prevent the development of interval colon cancer.

Keyword

Interval colorectal cancers; Colonoscopy

MeSH Terms

Carcinogenesis
Colon
Colonic Neoplasms
Colonoscopy
Colorectal Neoplasms*
Comorbidity
Diverticulum
Female
Humans

Reference

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61:69–90.
Article
2. Brenner H, Altenhofen L, Katalinic A, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Hoffmeister M. Sojourn time of preclinical colorectal cancer by sex and age: estimates from the German national screening colonoscopy database. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 174:1140–1146.
Article
3. Arain MA, Sawhney M, Sheikh S, et al. CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:1189–1195.
Article
4. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Rate and predictors of early/missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy in Manitoba: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:2588–2596.
Article
5. Gorski TF, Rosen L, Riether R, Stasik J, Khubchandani I. Colorectal cancer after surveillance colonoscopy: false-negative examination or fast growth? Dis Colon Rectum. 1999; 42:877–880.
6. Cooper GS, Xu F, Barnholtz Sloan JS, Schluchter MD, Koroukian SM. Prevalence and predictors of interval colorectal cancers in medicare beneficiaries. Cancer. 2012; 118:3044–3052.
Article
7. Farrar WD, Sawhney MS, Nelson DB, Lederle FA, Bond JH. Colorectal cancers found after a complete colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 4:1259–1264.
Article
8. Chen TH, Yen MF, Lai MS, et al. Evaluation of a selective screening for colorectal carcinoma: the Taiwan multicenter cancer screening (TAMCAS) project. Cancer. 1999; 86:1116–1128.
9. Singh S, Singh PP, Murad MH, Singh H, Samadder NJ. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of interval colorectal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109:1375–1389.
Article
10. Samadder NJ, Curtin K, Tuohy TM, et al. Characteristics of missed or interval colorectal cancer and patient survival: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:950–960.
Article
11. Nishihara R, Wu K, Lochhead P, et al. Long-term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:1095–1105.
Article
12. Erichsen R, Baron JA, Stoffel EM, Laurberg S, Sandler RS, Sørensen HT. Characteristics and survival of interval and sporadic colorectal cancer patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:1332–1340.
Article
13. le Clercq CM, Bouwens MW, Rondagh EJ, et al. Postcolonoscopy colorectal cancers are preventable: a population-based study. Gut. 2014; 63:957–963.
Article
14. Gervaz P, Bucher P, Morel P. Two colons-two cancers: paradigm shift and clinical implications. J Surg Oncol. 2004; 88:261–266.
Article
15. Chirieac LR, Shen L, Catalano PJ, Issa JP, Hamilton SR. Phenotype of microsatellite-stable colorectal carcinomas with CpG island methylation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29:429–436.
Article
16. Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. JAMA. 2008; 299:1027–1035.
Article
17. Rex DK, Eid E. Considerations regarding the present and future roles of colonoscopy in colorectal cancer prevention. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 6:506–514.
Article
18. Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Seiler CM, Hoffmeister M. Interval cancers after negative colonoscopy: population-based case-control study. Gut. 2012; 61:1576–1582.
Article
19. Bressler B, Paszat LF, Chen Z, Rothwel DM, Vinden C, Rabeneck L. Rates of new or missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy and their risk factors: a population-based analysis. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132:96–102.
Article
20. Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Flood A, et al. Colonoscopic screening of average-risk women for colorectal neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:2061–2068.
Article
21. Woods SE, Basho S, Engel A. The influence of gender on colorectal cancer stage: the state of Ohio, 1996-2001. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15:877–881.
Article
22. Rabeneck L, Davila JA, El-Serag HB. Is there a true “shift” to the right colon in the incidence of colorectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98:1400–1409.
Article
23. Gonzalez EC, Roetzheim RG, Ferrante JM, Campbell R. Predictors of proximal vs. distal colorectal cancers. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44:251–258.
Article
24. Larsson SC, Rafter J, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: the Swedish mammography cohort. Int J Cancer. 2005; 113:829–834.
Article
25. Singh H, Nugent Z, Mahmud SM, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Predictors of colorectal cancer after negative colonoscopy: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:663–673.
Article
26. Wang YR, Cangemi JR, Loftus EV Jr, Picco MF. Rate of early/missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy in older patients with or without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:444–449.
Article
27. Robertson DJ, Lieberman DA, Winawer SJ, et al. Colorectal cancers soon after colonoscopy: a pooled multicohort analysis. Gut. 2014; 63:949–956.
Article
28. Cisyk AL, Singh H, McManus KJ. Establishing a biological profile for interval colorectal cancers. Dig Dis Sci. 2014; 59:2390–2402.
Article
29. Rajagopalan H, Nowak MA, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C. The significance of unstable chromosomes in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003; 3:695–701.
Article
30. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988; 319:525–532.
Article
31. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell. 1996; 87:159–170.
Article
32. Reichmann A, Levin B, Martin P. Human large-bowel cancer: correlation of clinical and histopathological features with banded chromosomes. Int J Cancer. 1982; 29:625–629.
Article
33. Turnpenny PD, Ellard S. Emery’s elements of medical genetics. 12th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone;2005. p. 443.
34. Geiersbach KB, Samowitz WS. Microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011; 135:1269–1277.
Article
35. Duval A, Hamelin R. Mutations at coding repeat sequences in mismatch repair-deficient human cancers: toward a new concept of target genes for instability. Cancer Res. 2002; 62:2447–2454.
36. Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science. 1993; 260:816–819.
Article
37. Guastadisegni C, Colafranceschi M, Ottini L, Dogliotti E. Microsatellite instability as a marker of prognosis and response to therapy: a meta-analysis of colorectal cancer survival data. Eur J Cancer. 2010; 46:2788–2798.
Article
38. Vilkin A, Niv Y, Nagasaka T, et al. Microsatellite instability, MLH1 promoter methylation, and BRAF mutation analysis in sporadic colorectal cancers of different ethnic groups in Israel. Cancer. 2009; 115:760–769.
39. Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004; 4:988–993.
Article
40. Rashid A, Issa JP. CpG island methylation in gastroenterologic neoplasia: a maturing field. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127:1578–1588.
Article
41. Jones PA, Laird PW. Cancer epigenetics comes of age. Nat Genet. 1999; 21:163–167.
42. Toyota M, Ahuja N, Ohe-Toyota M, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Issa JP. CpG island methylator phenotype in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96:8681–8686.
Article
43. Sugai T, Habano W, Jiao YF, et al. Analysis of molecular alterations in left- and right-sided colorectal carcinomas reveals distinct pathways of carcinogenesis: proposal for new molecular profile of colorectal carcinomas. J Mol Diagn. 2006; 8:193–201.
44. Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Herrick J, et al. Evaluation of a large, population-based sample supports a CpG island methylator phenotype in colon cancer. Gastroenterology. 2005; 129:837–845.
Article
45. Sawhney MS, Farrar WD, Gudiseva S, et al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131:1700–1705.
Article
46. Bettington M, Walker N, Clouston A, Brown I, Leggett B, Whitehall V. The serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma: current concepts and challenges. Histopathology. 2013; 62:367–386.
Article
47. Leggett B, Whitehall V. Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138:2088–2100.
Article
48. Rex DK, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, et al. Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1315–1329.
Article
49. Nosho K, Kure S, Irahara N, et al. A prospective cohort study shows unique epigenetic, genetic, and prognostic features of synchronous colorectal cancers. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137:1609–1620. e1-3.
Article
Full Text Links
  • CE
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr