Gastrointest Interv.  2017 Jul;6(2):85-93. 10.18528/gii.1500341.

Comprehensive management of cholangiocarcinoma: Part I. Diagnosis

• Papafragkakis C
• Lee JH

• KMID: 2388000
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.18528/gii.1500341

Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Classification and staging of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinomas provide useful prognostic information and further guide in their management. Establishing diagnosis is frequently challenging and may require a multi-modality approach that includes advanced radiological imaging studies and procedures for tissue acquisition; the endoscopic procedures that have been utilized in the management of cholangiocarcinoma comprise endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with brushing and biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, cholangioscopy with targeted biopsy, and intraductal confocal endomicroscopy. In this review, we will examine the strengths and limitations of each diagnostic tool and assess the serum and bile tumor markers.

Keyword

Cholangiocarcinoma; Cholestasis; Endoscopic ultrasonography; In situ hybridization-fluorescence; Positron-emission tomography

MeSH Terms

Bile
Biomarkers, Tumor
Biopsy
Cholangiocarcinoma*
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholestasis
Classification
Diagnosis*
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
Endosonography
Incidence
Positron-Emission Tomography
Biomarkers, Tumor