J Bacteriol Virol.  2017 Mar;47(1):1-13. 10.4167/jbv.2017.47.1.1.

Advances in Epidemiology, Biology and Laboratory Diagnosis of Zika Virus

• Lee HJ
• Kim YB
• Shin Y

• KMID: 2384416
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2017.47.1.1

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) was spread to both eastward and westward from Uganda where the virus was identified approximately in 1947 by a group of arbovirus researchers. In 2015, ZIKV reached Americas with major outbreaks in Brazil. Most countries with mosquito transmitted ZIKV infection are located in tropical and subtropical areas, where ZIKV is endemic with other flaviviruses, including JEV, dengue and yellow fever virus. Approximately 40 countries in Central and South Americas and territories in South Pacific Islands and South East Asia show autochthonous ZIKV endemics. American lineage of ZIKV is known significantly to be mutated in susceptibility to host and in pathogenicity from Asian and Asian lineages approximately since 2014. Early and specific identification of ZIKV infection is very important for the effective management of patients. First of all, optimal collection of specimens for the laboratory diagnosis is required for both nucleic acid testing (NAT) and serological tests. Specimens for NAT tests and serological tests should be determined by the available laboratory resources, work-flow in each laboratory and the geographic areas of specimen collected in addition to days after showing symptoms. Testing strategy for specific differentiation among flaviviruses will vary depending on the prevalence of viruses known to be circulating in the area where the patients were exposed. NAT will be employed for the patients presenting with onset of symptoms less than 7 days. Advanced diagnostic technologies should be continuously developed for the increase of specificity and sensitivity of ZIKV diagnosis.

Keyword

Zika virus; Flavivirus; Concomitant infection; Nucleic acid tests; IgM detection

MeSH Terms

Americas
Arboviruses
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Biology*
Brazil
Clinical Laboratory Techniques*
Culicidae
Dengue
Diagnosis
Disease Outbreaks
Epidemiology*
Far East
Flavivirus
Humans
Pacific Islands
Prevalence
Sensitivity and Specificity
Serologic Tests
South America
Uganda
Virulence
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus*

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Origins and transmission route of ZIKV transmission with years. The virus spread to Americas through South Asia and Pacific Islands. On the other hand, it spread to Eastern Africa afterwards without significant symptoms.

• 

  Figure 2 Epidemics of ZIKV worldwide by the levels of prevalence groups of ZIKV infections. As shown in the map, many countries in Central and South Americas and several countries in South Eastern Asia show relatively high numbers of autochthonous persons with ZIKV (from European Center for Disease Control, https://www.emma.ecdc.europa.eu).

• 

  Figure 3 Distributions of 14 infected Korean infected with ZIKV by countries of their infection with ZIKV where they reside or travel during their infection by mosquito in the area.

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