Ann Dermatol.  2016 Oct;28(5):533-539. 10.5021/ad.2016.28.5.533.

Isolation and Quantification of Glycosaminoglycans from Human Hair Shaft

• Maniatopoulou E
• Bonovas S
• Sitaras N

• KMID: 2382875
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2016.28.5.533

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There is evidence that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the hair shaft within the follicle but there are no studies regarding GAGs isolation and measurement in the human hair shaft over the scalp surface, it means, in the free hair shaft.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of our research was to isolate and measure the total GAGs from human free hair shaft.
METHODS
Seventy-five healthy individuals participated in the study, 58 adults, men and women over the age of 50 and 17 children (aged 4~9). GAGs in hair samples, received from the parietal and the occipital areas, were isolated with 4 M guanidine HCl and measured by the uronic acid-carbazole reaction assay.
RESULTS
GAGs concentration was significantly higher in the occipital area than in the parietal area, in all study groups. GAG levels from both areas were significantly higher in children than in adults. GAG levels were not associated with gender, hair color or type.
CONCLUSION
We report the presence of GAGs in the human free hair shaft and the correlation of hair GAG levels with the scalp area and participants' age.

Keyword

Glycosaminoglycans; Hair; Proteoglycans

MeSH Terms

Adult
Child
Female
Glycosaminoglycans*
Guanidine
Hair Color
Hair*
Humans*
Male
Proteoglycans
Rabeprazole
Scalp
Glycosaminoglycans
Guanidine
Proteoglycans

Reference

1. Bernard BA. Hair cycle dynamics: the case of the human hair follicle. J Soc Biol. 2003; 197:57–61.

2. Couchman JR. Rat hair follicle dermal papillae have an extracellular matrix containing basement membrane components. J Invest Dermatol. 1986; 87:762–767.

3. Chiu HC, Chang CH, Chen JS, Jee SH. Human hair follicle dermal papilla cell, dermal sheath cell and interstitial dermal fibroblast characteristics. J Formos Med Assoc. 1996; 95:667–674.

4. Braun Falco O. The histochemistry of the hair follicle. In : Montagna W, Ellis RA, editors. The biology of hair growth. Providence, RI: Academic Press;1958. p. 65–90.

5. Schmid K, Grundboeck-Jusco J, Kimura A, Tschopp FA, Zollinger R, Binette JP, et al. The distribution of the glycosaminoglycans in the anatomic components of the lung and the changes in concentration of these macromolecules during development and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982; 716:178–187.

6. Gniadecka M, Faurskov Nielsen O, Christensen DH, Wulf HC. Structure of water, proteins, and lipids in intact human skin, hair, and nail. J Invest Dermatol. 1998; 110:393–398.

7. Paulsson M. Basement membrane proteins: structure, assembly and cellular interactions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1992; 27:93–127.

8. Couchman JR. Hair follicle proteoglycans. J Invest Dermatol. 1993; 101:60–64.

9. du Cros DL, LeBaron RG, Couchman JR. Association of versican with dermal matrices and its potential role in hair follicle development and cycling. J Invest Dermatol. 1995; 105:426–431.

10. Kloska A, Bohdanowicz J, Konopa G, Tylki-Szymńska A, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Czartoryska B, et al. Changes in hair morphology of mucopolysaccharidosis I patients treated with recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase (laronidase, Aldurazyme). Am J Med Genet A. 2005; 139:199–203.

11. Hinek A, Wilson SE. Impaired elastogenesis in Hurler disease: dermatan sulfate accumulation linked to deficiency in elastin-binding protein and elastic fiber assembly. Am J Pathol. 2000; 156:925–938.

12. Malgouries S, Thibaut S, Bernard BA. Proteoglycan expression patterns in human hair follicle. Br J Dermatol. 2008; 158:234–242.

13. Kirschbaum C, Tietze A, Skoluda N, Dettenborn L. Hair as a retrospective calendar of cortisol production-increased cortisol incorporation into hair in the third trimester of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009; 34:32–37.

14. Carney LS. Proteoglycans. In : Chaplin MF, Kennedy JF, editors. Carbohydrate analysis: a practical approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press;1987. p. 97–142.

15. Carrino DA, Sorrell JM, Caplan AI. Age-related changes in the proteoglycans of human skin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000; 373:91–101.

16. Jung JW, Cha SH, Lee SC, Chun IK, Kim YP. Age-related changes of water content in the rat skin. J Dermatol Sci. 1997; 14:12–19.

17. Bitter T, Muir HM. A modified uronic acid carbazole reaction. Anal Biochem. 1962; 4:330–334.

18. Dische Z. A new specific color reaction of hexuronic acids. J Biol Chem. 1947; 167:189–198.

19. Randall VA. Androgens and hair growth. Dermatol Ther. 2008; 21:314–328.

20. Kligman AM. The comparative histopathology of male-pattern baldness and senescent baldness. Clin Dermatol. 1988; 6:108–118.

21. Trüeb RM. Pharmacologic interventions in aging hair. Clin Interv Aging. 2006; 1:121–129.

22. Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach (II): protein, glycosaminoglycan, water, and lipid content and structure. Skin Res Technol. 2006; 12:145–154.

23. Randall VA, Thornton MJ, Messenger AG. Cultured dermal papilla cells from androgen-dependent human hair follicles (e.g. beard) contain more androgen receptors than those from non-balding areas of scalp. J Endocrinol. 1992; 133:141–147.

24. Thornton MJ, Taylor AH, Mulligan K, Al-Azzawi F, Lyon CC, O'Driscoll J, et al. The distribution of estrogen receptor beta is distinct to that of estrogen receptor alpha and the androgen receptor in human skin and the pilosebaceous unit. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003; 8:100–103.

25. Hibberts NA, Howell AE, Randall VA. Balding hair follicle dermal papilla cells contain higher levels of androgen receptors than those from non-balding scalp. J Endocrinol. 1998; 156:59–65.

26. Richeti F, Kochi C, Rocha MN, Sant'Anna Corrêa C, Lazzarini R, Guazzelli RM, et al. Increased androgen receptor messenger RNA in frontal-parietal hair follicles of women with androgenetic alopecia. Genet Mol Res. 2013; 12:1834–1840.

27. Gustafsson JA. An update on estrogen receptors. Semin Perinatol. 2000; 24:66–69.

28. Bornemann DJ, Duncan JE, Staatz W, Selleck S, Warrior R. Abrogation of heparan sulfate synthesis in Drosophila disrupts the Wingless, Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic signaling pathways. Development. 2004; 131:1927–1938.

29. Mou C, Jackson B, Schneider P, Overbeek PA, Headon DJ. Generation of the primary hair follicle pattern. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103:9075–9080.

30. Pellegrini L. Role of heparan sulfate in fibroblast growth factor signalling: a structural view. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2001; 11:629–634.

31. Ota Y, Saitoh Y, Suzuki S, Ozawa K, Kawano M, Imamura T. Fibroblast growth factor 5 inhibits hair growth by blocking dermal papilla cell activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002; 290:169–176.

32. Cohen T, Gitay-Goren H, Sharon R, Shibuya M, Halaban R, Levi BZ, et al. VEGF121, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform lacking heparin binding ability, requires cell-surface heparan sulfates for efficient binding to the VEGF receptors of human melanoma cells. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:11322–11326.

33. Takada T, Katagiri T, Ifuku M, Morimura N, Kobayashi M, Hasegawa K, et al. Sulfated polysaccharides enhance the biological activities of bone morphogenetic proteins. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278:43229–43235.

34. Catlow K, Deakin JA, Delehedde M, Fernig DG, Gallagher JT, Pavão MS, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and its interaction with heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003; 31:352–353.

35. Soma T, Tajima M, Kishimoto J. Hair cycle-specific expression of versican in human hair follicles. J Dermatol Sci. 2005; 39:147–154.

36. Westgate GE, Messenger AG, Watson LP, Gibson WT. Distribution of proteoglycans during the hair growth cycle in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 96:191–195.

37. Verdier-Sévrain S. Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric. 2007; 10:289–297.

38. Su LH, Chen TH. Association of androgenetic alopecia with metabolic syndrome in men: a community-based survey. Br J Dermatol. 2010; 163:371–377.

39. González-González JG, Mancillas-Adams LG, Fernández-Reyes M, Gómez-Flores M, Lavalle-González FJ, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Androgenetic alopecia and insulin resistance in young men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009; 71:494–499.

40. Skalnaya MG, Tkachev VP. Trace elements content and hormonal profiles in women with androgenetic alopecia. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2011; 25:Suppl 1. S50–S53.

41. Sylven B. The qualitative distribution of metachromatic polysaccharide material during hair growth. Exp Cell Res. 1950; 1:582–589.

42. Moretti G, Cipriani C, Rebora A, Rampini E, Crovato F. Correlation of tissue mucopolysaccharides with the hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol. 1967; 48:498–503.

43. Saitoh M, Uzuka M, Sakamoto M. Human hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol. 1970; 54:65–81.

44. Bouillon C. Shampoos. Clin Dermatol. 1996; 14:113–121.