J Adv Prosthodont.  2016 Dec;8(6):423-432. 10.4047/jap.2016.8.6.423.

Color variation induced by abutments in the superior anterior maxilla: an in vitro study in the pig gingiva

• Atash R
• Boularbah
• Sibel C

• KMID: 2382587
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2016.8.6.423

Abstract

PURPOSE
The aim of this work is to evaluate different types of materials used for making implant abutments, by means of an in vitro study and a review of the literature, in order to identify the indications for a better choice of an implant-supported restoration in the anterior section.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
5 implant abutments were tested in a random order in the superior anterior maxilla of pig gingiva (n = 8): titanium dioxide (Nobel Biocare); zirconium dioxide, Standard BO shade (Nobel Biocare, Kloten, Switzerland); zirconium dioxide, Light BI shade (Nobel Biocare); zirconium dioxide, Intense A 3.5 shade (Nobel Biocare); and aluminium oxide. Each abutment was tested for 2 mm and 3 mm thickness. To determine color variation, VITA Easyshade Advance spectrophotometer (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) was used.
RESULTS
Results showed that the color variation induced by the abutment would be affected by the abutment material and gingival thickness, when the gingival thickness is 2 mm. All materials except zirconium dioxide (Standard shade) caused a visible change of color. Then, as the thickness of the gingiva increased to 3 mm, the color variation was attenuated in a significant manner and became invisible for all types of abutments, except those made of aluminium oxide.
CONCLUSION
Zirconium dioxide is the material causing the lowest color variation at 2 mm and at 3 mm, whereas aluminium oxide causes the highest color variation no matter the thickness.

Keyword

Abutment; Zirconium oxide; Anterior restoration; Gingiva

MeSH Terms

Gingiva*
In Vitro Techniques*
Maxilla*
Titanium
Zirconium
Titanium
Zirconium

Figure

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  Fig. 1 The site chosen was the anterior part of the superior maxillary area, between the incisors and the canines.

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  Fig. 2 1 mm thickness flap, taken at an additional analogous site.

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  Fig. 3 Measuring gingival thickness using a 20 endodontic file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

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  Fig. 4 Placement of the replica implant and positioning of the titanium dioxide abutment (Nobel Biocare, Kloten, Switzerland).

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  Fig. 5 Recording ICI parameters to determine color variation caused by the abutment, using the VITA Easyshade Advance (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany).

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  Fig. 6 Positioning the zirconium dioxide abutment, standard BO shade.

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  Fig. 7 Diagram of descriptive statistics for the values of LIE color variation, caused by different kinds of abutments, with 2 mm and 3 mm gingival thickness.

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