Intest Res.  2017 Jan;15(1):7-37. 10.5217/ir.2017.15.1.7.

Second Korean guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis

Affiliations
  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 2Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
  • 3Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
  • 5Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
  • 6Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
  • 7Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 8Center for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
  • 9Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
  • 10Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea. hands@hanyang.ac.kr

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. The direct and indirect costs of the treatment of UC are high, and the quality of life of patients is reduced, especially during exacerbation of the disease. The incidence and prevalence of UC in Korea are still lower than those of Western countries, but have been rapidly increasing during the past decades. Various medical and surgical therapies, including biologics, are currently used for the management of UC. However, many challenging issues exist, which sometimes lead to differences in practice between clinicians. Therefore, the IBD study group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases established the first Korean guidelines for the management of UC in 2012. This is an update of the first guidelines. It was generally made by the adaptation of several foreign guidelines as was the first edition, and encompasses treatment of active colitis, maintenance of remission, and indication of surgery for UC. The specific recommendations are presented with the quality of evidence and classification of recommendations.

Keyword

Colitis, ulcerative; Inflammatory bowel disease; Disease management; Guidelines

MeSH Terms

Biological Products
Classification
Colitis
Colitis, Ulcerative*
Disease Management
Humans
Incidence
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Intestinal Diseases
Korea
Prevalence
Quality of Life
Ulcer*
Biological Products

Cited by  17 articles

Mechanism-based Drug Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Special Reference to Rheumatic Disease
Jae Jun Park
J Rheum Dis. 2020;27(3):128-135.    doi: 10.4078/jrd.2020.27.3..

Advances in Management of Intestinal Behçet’s Disease: A Perspective From Gastroenterologists
Jae Hee Cheon
J Rheum Dis. 2021;28(1):4-16.    doi: 10.4078/jrd.2021.28.1.4.

Monitoring Disease Activity: How and When?
Kang-Moon Lee
Korean J Gastroenterol. 2018;71(2):69-73.    doi: 10.4166/kjg.2018.71.2.69.

Comparison of Treatment Guidelines for Ulcerative Colitis: Role of Biologics
Jung Ho Bae, Dong-Hoon Yang
Korean J Gastroenterol. 2018;71(4):192-195.    doi: 10.4166/kjg.2018.71.4.192.

How to Optimally Use Currently Available Drugs in a Therapeutic Algorithm?
You Sun Kim
Korean J Gastroenterol. 2018;71(2):74-80.    doi: 10.4166/kjg.2018.71.2.74.

Is fasting beneficial for hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases?
Yong Eun Park, Yehyun Park, Soo Jung Park, Tae Il Kim, Won Ho Kim, Jung Nam Kim, Na Rae Lee, Jae Hee Cheon
Intest Res. 2020;18(1):85-95.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2019.00055.

The role of platelet to lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in ulcerative colitis
Yujin Jeong, Seong Ran Jeon, Hyun Gun Kim, Jung Rock Moon, Tae Hee Lee, Jae Young Jang, Jun-Hyung Cho, Jun Seok Park, Heesu Park, Ki-hun Lee, Jin-Oh Kim, Joon Seong Lee, Bong Min Ko, Suyeon Park
Intest Res. 2021;19(1):62-70.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2019.09156.

Adherence to Asacol once daily versus divided regimen for maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis: a prospective, multicenter, randomized study
Soo-Kyung Park, Sang Hyun Park, Chang Soo Eun, Geom Seog Seo, Jong Pil Im, Tae Oh Kim, Dong-Il Park
Intest Res. 2019;17(3):349-356.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2018.00064.

Is once daily multimatrix mesalazine therapy effective regardless of the dose in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis?
Seong Ran Jeon
Intest Res. 2018;16(2):163-165.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.2.163.

Is Clostridium difficile infection a real threat in patients with ulcerative colitis? A prospective, multicenter study in Korea
Dae Bum Kim, Kang-Moon Lee, Sang Hyoung Park, You Sun Kim, Eun Soo Kim, Jun Lee, Sung-Ae Jung, Geom Seog Seo, Ji Min Lee
Intest Res. 2018;16(2):267-272.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.2.267.

Physician education can minimize inappropriate steroid use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the ACTION study
Yehyun Park, Chang Hwan Choi, Hyun Soo Kim, Hee Seok Moon, Do Hyun Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Dennis Teng, Dong Il Park
Intest Res. 2022;20(4):452-463.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2021.00125.

Corticosteroid, a double-edged sword in inflammatory bowel disease management: possibility of reducing corticosteroid use through physician education
Seulji Kim, Seong-Joon Koh
Intest Res. 2022;20(4):389-391.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2022.00117.

Korean clinical practice guidelines on biologics and small molecules for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis
Soo-Young Na, Chang Hwan Choi, Eun Mi Song, Ki Bae Bang, Sang Hyoung Park, Eun Soo Kim, Jae Jun Park, Bora Keum, Chang Kyun Lee, Bo-In Lee, Seung-Bum Ryoo, Seong-Joon Koh, Miyoung Choi, Joo Sung Kim
Intest Res. 2023;21(1):61-87.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2022.00007.

Could adalimumab be used safely and effectively in intestinal Behçet's disease refractory to conventional therapy?
Jihye Park, Jae Hee Cheon
Intest Res. 2017;15(3):263-265.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2017.15.3.263.

Fatal infections in older patients with inflammatory bowel disease on anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy
Way-Seah Lee, Najib Azmi, Ruey-Terng Ng, Sik-Yong Ong, Sasheela Sri La Ponnampalavanar, Sanjiv Mahadeva, Ida Hilmi
Intest Res. 2017;15(4):524-528.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2017.15.4.524.

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease–Asian perspectives: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting
Eun Mi Song, Soo-Young Na, Sung Noh Hong, Siew Chien Ng, Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Byong Duk Ye
Intest Res. 2023;21(3):339-352.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2022.00135.

Infectious complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: the results of a multinational web-based survey in the 8th Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis meeting
Yu Kyung Jun, Seong-Joon Koh, Dae Seong Myung, Sang Hyoung Park, Choon Jin Ooi, Ajit Sood, Jong Pil Im
Intest Res. 2023;21(3):353-362.    doi: 10.5217/ir.2023.00013.


Reference

1. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College Of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:501–523. PMID: 20068560.
Article
2. Su C, Lichtenstein GR. Ulcerative colitis. In : Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, editors. Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. Volume 2. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;2006. p. 2499–2548.
3. Yang SK, Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001; 7:260–270. PMID: 11515854.
Article
4. Lakatos PL. Recent trends in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases: up or down? World J Gastroenterol. 2006; 12:6102–6108. PMID: 17036379.
Article
5. Ng WK, Wong SH, Ng SC. Changing epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Intest Res. 2016; 14:111–119. PMID: 27175111.
Article
6. Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut. 1996; 39:690–697. PMID: 9014768.
Article
7. Choi CH, Jung SA, Lee BI, et al. Diagnostic guideline of ulcerative colitis. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2009; 53:145–160. PMID: 19835217.
8. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99:1371–1385. PMID: 15233681.
Article
9. Stange EF, Travis SP, Vermeire S, et al. European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2008; 2:1–23. PMID: 21172194.
Article
10. Choi CH, Kim YH, Kim YS, et al. Guidelines for the management of ulcerative colitis. Intest Res. 2012; 10:1–25.
Article
11. Travis SP, Stange EF, Lémann M, et al. European evidence-based consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2008; 2:24–62. PMID: 21172195.
Article
12. Ueno F, Hibi T. Guidelines for the management treatment of ulcerative colitis in Japan. IBD Res. 2010; 4:189–239.
13. National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Ulcerative colitis: management in adults, children and young people. PubMed Health Web site. Accessed January 17, 2017. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247597/.
14. Bitton A, Buie D, Enns R, et al. Treatment of hospitalized adult patients with severe ulcerative colitis: Toronto consensus statements. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:179–194. PMID: 22108451.
Article
15. Bressler B, Marshall JK, Bernstein CN, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of nonhospitalized ulcerative colitis: the Toronto consensus. Gastroenterology. 2015; 148:1035–1058.e3. PMID: 25747596.
Article
16. D'Haens GR, Panaccione R, Higgins PD, et al. The London Position Statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization: when to start, when to stop, which drug to choose, and how to predict response? Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:199–212. PMID: 21045814.
17. Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2012; 6:991–1030. PMID: 23040451.
Article
18. Gomollón F, García-López S, Sicilia B, Gisbert JP, Hinojosa J. Grupo Español de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Crohny Colitis Ulcerosa. Therapeutic guidelines on ulcerative colitis: a GRADE methodology based effort of GETECCU. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 36:104–114. PMID: 23332546.
Article
19. Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011; 60:571–607. PMID: 21464096.
Article
20. Orlando A, Armuzzi A, Papi C, et al. The Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE) and the Italian Group for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IG-IBD) Clinical Practice Guidelines: the use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2011; 43:1–20. PMID: 20843756.
Article
21. Van Assche G, Lewis JD, Lichtenstein GR, et al. The London position statement of the World Congress of Gastroenterology on Biological Therapy for IBD with the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation: safety. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:1594–1602. PMID: 21844919.
Article
22. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64:401–406. PMID: 21208779.
Article
23. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008; 336:924–926. PMID: 18436948.
Article
24. Lee KM, Kim YS, Seo GS, Kim TO, Yang SK. IBD Study Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: a consensus statement by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (KASID). Intest Res. 2015; 13:193–207. PMID: 26130993.
Article
25. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ. 2008; 336:1049–1051. PMID: 18467413.
Article
26. Su C, Lewis JD, Goldberg B, Brensinger C, Lichtenstein GR. A meta-analysis of the placebo rates of remission and response in clinical trials of active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132:516–526. PMID: 17258720.
Article
27. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis: final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955; 2:1041–1048. PMID: 13260656.
28. Levi AJ, Fisher AM, Hughes L, Hendry WF. Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Lancet. 1979; 2:276–278. PMID: 88609.
Article
29. Toovey S, Hudson E, Hendry WF, Levi AJ. Sulphasalazine and male infertility: reversibility and possible mechanism. Gut. 1981; 22:445–451. PMID: 6114897.
Article
30. Toth A. Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Lancet. 1979; 2:904.
Article
31. Gisbert JP, González-Lama Y, Maté J. 5-Aminosalicylates and renal function in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007; 13:629–638. PMID: 17243140.
32. Bergman R, Parkes M. Systematic review: the use of mesalazine in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 23:841–855. PMID: 16573787.
Article
33. Cohen RD, Woseth DM, Thisted RA, Hanauer SB. A meta-analysis and overview of the literature on treatment options for left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000; 95:1263–1276. PMID: 10811338.
Article
34. Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:167–176. PMID: 22108446.
Article
35. Manguso F, Balzano A. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of rectal beclomethasone dipropionate vs. 5-aminosalicylic acid in mild to moderate distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007; 26:21–29.
Article
36. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Putting rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid in its place: the role in distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000; 95:1628–1636. PMID: 10925961.
Article
37. Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH, Newman JR, Anand A, Irvine EJ. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; (1):CD004115. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004115.pub2. PMID: 20091560.
Article
38. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 9:293–300. PMID: 7654892.
Article
39. Watanabe M, Nishino H, Sameshima Y, Ota A, Nakamura S, Hibi T. Randomised clinical trial: evaluation of the efficacy of mesalazine (mesalamine) suppositories in patients with ulcerative colitis and active rectal inflammation: a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 38:264–273. PMID: 23734840.
Article
40. van Bodegraven AA, Boer RO, Lourens J, Tuynman HA, Sindram JW. Distribution of mesalazine enemas in active and quiescent ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996; 10:327–332. PMID: 8791959.
Article
41. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, et al. Comparison of mesalazine suppositories in proctitis and distal proctosigmoiditis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997; 11:1053–1057. PMID: 9663829.
Article
42. Andus T, Kocjan A, Müser M, et al. Clinical trial: a novel high-dose 1 g mesalamine suppository (Salofalk) once daily is as efficacious as a 500-mg suppository thrice daily in active ulcerative proctitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16:1947–1956. PMID: 20310020.
Article
43. Lamet M. A multicenter, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mesalamine suppositories 1 g at bedtime and 500 mg Twice daily in patients with active mild-to-moderate ulcerative proctitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2011; 56:513–522. PMID: 20676771.
Article
44. Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 1997; 40:775–781. PMID: 9245932.
Article
45. Hartmann F, Stein J. BudMesa-Study Group. Clinical trial: controlled, open, randomized multicentre study comparing the effects of treatment on quality of life, safety and efficacy of budesonide or mesalazine enemas in active left-sided ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 32:368–376. PMID: 20491741.
Article
46. Lémann M, Galian A, Rutgeerts P, et al. Comparison of budesonide and 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 9:557–562. PMID: 8580278.
Article
47. Regueiro M, Loftus EV Jr, Steinhart AH, Cohen RD. Medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: critical evaluation of therapeutic trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006; 12:979–994. PMID: 17012969.
Article
48. Gionchetti P, Rizzello F, Venturi A, et al. Comparison of oral with rectal mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998; 41:93–97. PMID: 9510317.
Article
49. Ito H, Iida M, Matsumoto T, et al. Direct comparison of two different mesalamine formulations for the induction of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16:1567–1574. PMID: 20049950.
Article
50. Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C, et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:1867–1871. PMID: 9382054.
51. Mulder CJ, Fockens P, Meijer JW, van der Heide H, Wiltink EH, Tytgat GN. Beclomethasone dipropionate (3 mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2 g) versus the combination of both (3 mg/2 g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996; 8:549–553. PMID: 8823568.
52. Levine DS, Riff DS, Pruitt R, et al. A randomized, double blind, dose-response comparison of balsalazide (6.75 g), balsalazide (2.25 g), and mesalamine (2.4 g) in the treatment of active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97:1398–1407. PMID: 12094857.
Article
53. Pruitt R, Hanson J, Safdi M, et al. Balsalazide is superior to mesalamine in the time to improvement of signs and symptoms of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002; 97:3078–3086. PMID: 12492193.
Article
54. Cortot A, Maetz D, Degoutte E, et al. Mesalamine foam enema versus mesalamine liquid enema in active left-sided ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103:3106–3114. PMID: 19086960.
Article
55. Farup PG, Hovde O, Halvorsen FA, Raknerud N, Brodin U. Mesalazine suppositories versus hydrocortisone foam in patients with distal ulcerative colitis: a comparison of the efficacy and practicality of two topical treatment regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995; 30:164–170. PMID: 7732340.
Article
56. Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, Sandborn WJ, et al. Effect of extended MMX mesalamine therapy for acute, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15:1–8. PMID: 18671232.
Article
57. Kane SV, Bjorkman DJ. The efficacy of oral 5-ASAs in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2003; 3:210–218. PMID: 14668693.
58. Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 10:CD000543. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000543.pub3. PMID: 23076889.
Article
59. Ford AC, Achkar JP, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:601–616. PMID: 21407188.
Article
60. Sutherland L, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (2):CD000543. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000543.pub2. PMID: 16625536.
Article
61. Bebb JR, Scott BB. How effective are the usual treatments for ulcerative colitis? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 20:143–149.
Article
62. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Kornbluth A, et al. Delayed-release oral mesalamine at 4.8 g/day (800 mg tablet) for the treatment of moderately active ulcerative colitis: the ASCEND II trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100:2478–2485. PMID: 16279903.
Article
63. Pimpo MT, Galletti B, Palumbo G, et al. Mesalazine vanishing time from rectal mucosa following its topical administration. J Crohns Colitis. 2010; 4:102–105. PMID: 21122491.
Article
64. Marteau P, Probert CS, Lindgren S, et al. Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut. 2005; 54:960–965. PMID: 15951542.
Article
65. Feagan BG, Chande N, MacDonald JK. Are there any differences in the efficacy and safety of different formulations of oral 5-ASA used for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis? Evidence from cochrane reviews. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19:2031–2040. PMID: 23811638.
Article
66. Feagan BG, MacDonald JK. Once daily oral mesalamine compared to conventional dosing for induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18:1785–1794. PMID: 22644954.
Article
67. Kruis W, Kiudelis G, Rácz I, et al. Once daily versus three times daily mesalazine granules in active ulcerative colitis: a doubleblind, double-dummy, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Gut. 2009; 58:233–240. PMID: 18832520.
Article
68. Sandborn WJ, Korzenik J, Lashner B, et al. Once-daily dosing of delayed-release oral mesalamine (400-mg tablet) is as effective as twice-daily dosing for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2010; 138:1286–1296.e3. PMID: 20064514.
Article
69. Lichtenstein GR, Kamm MA, Boddu P, et al. Effect of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalamine (SPD476) for the induction of remission of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5:95–102. PMID: 17234558.
Article
70. Kamm MA, Sandborn WJ, Gassull M, et al. Once-daily, high-concentration MMX mesalamine in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2007; 132:66–75. PMID: 17241860.
Article
71. Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5:103–110. PMID: 17142106.
Article
72. Stein RB, Hanauer SB. Medical therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1999; 28:297–321. PMID: 10372270.
Article
73. Meyers S. Oral and parenteral corticoids. In : Peppercorn MA, editor. Therapy of inflammatory bowel disease: new medical and surgical approaches. New York: Marcel Decker;1990. p. 1–34.
74. Baron JH, Connell AM, Kanaghinis TG, Lennard-Jones JE, Jones AF. Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone. Br Med J. 1962; 2:441–443. PMID: 13865152.
75. Campieri M, Adamo S, Valpiani D, et al. Oral beclometasone dipropionate in the treatment of extensive and left-sided active ulcerative colitis: a multicentre randomised study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17:1471–1480. PMID: 12823149.
Article
76. Papi C, Aratari A, Moretti A, et al. Oral beclomethasone dipropionate as an alternative to systemic steroids in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis not responding to aminosalicylates. Dig Dis Sci. 2010; 55:2002–2007. PMID: 19937467.
Article
77. Zhao X, Li N, Ren Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016; 11:e0160500. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160500. PMID: 27501314.
Article
78. Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012; 143:1218–1226.e2. PMID: 22892337.
Article
79. Travis SP, Danese S, Kupcinskas L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX in active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the randomised CORE II study. Gut. 2014; 63:433–441. PMID: 23436336.
Article
80. Ardizzone S, Maconi G, Russo A, Imbesi V, Colombo E, Bianchi Porro G. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylic acid for treatment of steroid dependent ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2006; 55:47–53. PMID: 15972298.
Article
81. Burger D, Travis S. Conventional medical management of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140:1827–1837.e2. PMID: 21530749.
Article
82. Terdiman JP, Gruss CB, Heidelbaugh JJ, Sultan S, Falck-Ytter YT. AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Quality Management Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the use of thiopurines, methotrexate, and anti-TNF-alpha biologic drugs for the induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145:1459–1463. PMID: 24267474.
Article
83. D'Haens G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Endoscopic and histologic healing of Crohn’s (ileo-) colitis with azathioprine. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999; 50:667–671. PMID: 10536324.
84. Adler DJ, Korelitz BI. The therapeutic efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine in refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990; 85:717–722. PMID: 1972315.
85. Chebli LA, Chaves LD, Pimentel FF, et al. Azathioprine maintains long-term steroid-free remission through 3 years in patients with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010; 16:613–619. PMID: 19705415.
Article
86. Gisbert JP, Niño P, Cara C, Rodrigo L. Comparative effectiveness of azathioprine in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: prospective, long-term, follow-up study of 394 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 28:228–238. PMID: 18485129.
Article
87. Holtmann MH, Krummenauer F, Claas C, et al. Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multicenter study in 1176 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2006; 51:1516–1524. PMID: 16927148.
Article
88. Kirk AP, Lennard-Jones JE. Controlled trial of azathioprine in chronic ulcerative colitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 284:1291–1292.
Article
89. Rosenberg JL, Wall AJ, Levin B, Binder HJ, Kirsner JB. A controlled trial of azathioprine in the management of chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1975; 69:96–99. PMID: 1097295.
Article
90. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:2462–2476. PMID: 16339095.
Article
91. Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved longterm clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2011; 141:1194–1201. PMID: 21723220.
Article
92. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Hommes DW, et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2011; 60:780–787. PMID: 21209123.
Article
93. Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142:257–265. PMID: 22062358.
Article
94. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:85–95. PMID: 23735746.
Article
95. Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:392–400.e3. PMID: 24512909.
Article
96. Ford AC, Bernstein CN, Khan KJ, et al. Glucocorticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:590–599. PMID: 21407179.
Article
97. Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, et al. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2010; 4:28–62. PMID: 21122489.
Article
98. Lichtenstein GR, Abreu MT, Cohen R, Tremaine W. American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130:940–987. PMID: 16530532.
Article
99. Sonnenberg A. Time trends of mortality from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Int J Epidemiol. 2007; 36:890–899. PMID: 17420164.
Article
100. Bossa F, Fiorella S, Caruso N, et al. Continuous infusion versus bolus administration of steroids in severe attacks of ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102:601–608. PMID: 17156148.
Article
101. Domènech E, Vega R, Ojanguren I, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis: a prospective, comparative study on prevalence and diagnostic strategy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008; 14:1373–1379. PMID: 18452205.
Article
102. Gan SI, Beck PL. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98:2363–2371. PMID: 14638335.
Article
103. Criscuoli V, Casà A, Orlando A, et al. Severe acute colitis associated with CMV: a prevalence study. Dig Liver Dis. 2004; 36:818–820. PMID: 15646428.
Article
104. Cottone M, Pietrosi G, Martorana G, et al. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in severe refractory ulcerative and Crohn’s colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96:773–775. PMID: 11280549.
Article
105. Randall J, Singh B, Warren BF, Travis SP, Mortensen NJ, George BD. Delayed surgery for acute severe colitis is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications. Br J Surg. 2010; 97:404–409. PMID: 20101648.
Article
106. Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996; 38:905–910. PMID: 8984031.
Article
107. Seo M, Okada M, Yao T, Matake H, Maeda K. Evaluation of the clinical course of acute attacks in patients with ulcerative colitis through the use of an activity index. J Gastroenterol. 2002; 37:29–34. PMID: 11824797.
Article
108. Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 19:1079–1087. PMID: 15142197.
Article
109. Travis SP. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2004; 36:448–449. PMID: 15285522.
Article
110. Daperno M, Sostegni R, Scaglione N, et al. Outcome of a conservative approach in severe ulcerative colitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2004; 36:21–28. PMID: 14971812.
Article
111. Carbonnel F, Gargouri D, Lémann M, et al. Predictive factors of outcome of intensive intravenous treatment for attacks of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 14:273–279. PMID: 10735919.
Article
112. Chew CN, Nolan DJ, Jewell DP. Small bowel gas in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1991; 32:1535–1537. PMID: 1773962.
Article
113. Lennard-Jones JE, Ritchie JK, Hilder W, Spicer CC. Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study. Gut. 1975; 16:579–584. PMID: 1183857.
Article
114. McIntyre PB, Powell-Tuck J, Wood SR, et al. Controlled trial of bowel rest in the treatment of severe acute colitis. Gut. 1986; 27:481–485. PMID: 3084344.
Article
115. González-Huix F, Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve-Comas M, et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition as adjunct therapy in acute ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88:227–232. PMID: 8424426.
116. Dickinson RJ, Ashton MG, Axon AT, Smith RC, Yeung CK, Hill GL. Controlled trial of intravenous hyperalimentation and total bowel rest as an adjunct to the routine therapy of acute colitis. Gastroenterology. 1980; 79:1199–1204. PMID: 6777233.
Article
117. Chapman RW, Selby WS, Jewell DP. Controlled trial of intravenous metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1986; 27:1210–1212. PMID: 3536677.
Article
118. Mantzaris GJ, Hatzis A, Kontogiannis P, Triadaphyllou G. Intravenous tobramycin and metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute, severe ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:43–46. PMID: 8273796.
119. Mantzaris GJ, Petraki K, Archavlis E, et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial of intravenous ciprofloxacin as an adjunct to corticosteroids in acute, severe ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001; 36:971–974. PMID: 11521989.
Article
120. Ford AC, Sandborn WJ, Khan KJ, Hanauer SB, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of biological therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:644–659. PMID: 21407183.
Article
121. Lawson MM, Thomas AG, Akobeng AK. Tumour necrosis factor alpha blocking agents for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (3):CD005112. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005112.pub2. PMID: 16856078.
Article
122. Lv R, Qiao W, Wu Z, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha blocking agents as treatment for ulcerative colitis intolerant or refractory to conventional medical therapy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e86692. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086692. PMID: 24475168.
Article
123. Järnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2005; 128:1805–1811. PMID: 15940615.
Article
124. Ford AC, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Opportunistic infections with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:1268–1276. PMID: 23649185.
Article
125. Targownik LE, Bernstein CN. Infectious and malignant complications of TNF inhibitor therapy in IBD. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:1835–1842. PMID: 24042192.
Article
126. Kishore J, Ghoshal U, Ghoshal UC, et al. Infection with cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence, clinical significance and outcome. J Med Microbiol. 2004; 53(Pt 11):1155–1160. PMID: 15496396.
Article
127. Papadakis KA, Tung JK, Binder SW, et al. Outcome of cytomegalovirus infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001; 96:2137–2142. PMID: 11467645.
Article
128. Kim YS, Kim YH, Kim JS, et al. The prevalence and efficacy of ganciclovir on steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis with cytomegalovirus infection: a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012; 46:51–56. PMID: 21552140.
Article
129. Kim YS, Kim YH, Kim JS, et al. Long-term outcomes of cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: a multicenter study. Gut Liver. 2014; 8:643–647. PMID: 25368753.
Article
130. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1841–1845. PMID: 8196726.
Article
131. Van Assche G, D'Haens G, Noman M, et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2003; 125:1025–1031. PMID: 14517785.
Article
132. D'Haens G, Lemmens L, Geboes K, et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120:1323–1329. PMID: 11313301.
133. Cohen RD, Stein R, Hanauer SB. Intravenous cyclosporin in ulcerative colitis: a five-year experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94:1587–1592. PMID: 10364029.
Article
134. Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B, et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006; 4:760–765. PMID: 16716758.
Article
135. Shibolet O, Regushevskaya E, Brezis M, Soares-Weiser K. Cyclosporine A for induction of remission in severe ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (1):CD004277. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004277.pub2. PMID: 15674937.
Article
136. Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 17:79–84. PMID: 15647646.
137. Cheifetz AS, Stern J, Garud S, et al. Cyclosporine is safe and effective in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011; 45:107–112. PMID: 20679905.
Article
138. Bamba S, Tsujikawa T, Inatomi O, et al. Factors affecting the efficacy of cyclosporin A therapy for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 25:494–498. PMID: 20370728.
Article
139. Walch A, Meshkat M, Vogelsang H, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with intravenous cyclosporine A is determined by previous exposure to thiopurines. J Crohns Colitis. 2010; 4:398–404. PMID: 21122535.
Article
140. Giaffer MH, Holdsworth CD, Lennard-Jones JE, et al. Improved maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis by balsalazide 4 g/day compared with 2 g/day. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1992; 6:479–485. PMID: 1358234.
Article
141. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL. Infection-related hospitalizations are associated with increased mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2013; 7:107–112. PMID: 22440891.
Article
142. Kaplan GG, McCarthy EP, Ayanian JZ, Korzenik J, Hodin R, Sands BE. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2008; 134:680–687. PMID: 18242604.
Article
143. Westhovens R, Yocum D, Han J, et al. The safety of infliximab, combined with background treatments, among patients with rheumatoid arthritis and various comorbidities: a large, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006; 54:1075–1086. PMID: 16572442.
Article
144. Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006; 295:2275–2285. PMID: 16705109.
Article
145. Rahier JF, Magro F, Abreu C, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014; 8:443–468. PMID: 24613021.
146. Harigai M, Koike R, Miyasaka N. Pneumocystis Pneumonia under Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy (PAT) Study Group. PAT) Study Group. Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with infliximab in Japan. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:1874–1876. PMID: 17978303.
Article
147. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:1098–1104. PMID: 11596589.
Article
148. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161(4 Pt 2):S221–S247. PMID: 10764341.
149. Shim TS. Diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases due to initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Intest Res. 2014; 12:12–19. PMID: 25349559.
Article
150. Loras C, Gisbert JP, Mínguez M, et al. Liver dysfunction related to hepatitis B and C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Gut. 2010; 59:1340–1346. PMID: 20577000.
Article
151. Park SH, Yang SK, Lim YS, et al. Clinical courses of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inflammatory bowel disease in patients with both diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18:2004–2010. PMID: 22337144.
Article
152. Gisbert JP, Villagrasa JR, Rodríguez-Nogueiras A, Chaparro M. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination and revaccination and factors impacting on response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107:1460–1466. PMID: 23034605.
Article
153. Green JR, Swan CH, Rowlinson A, et al. Short report: comparison of two doses of balsalazide in maintaining ulcerative colitis in remission over 12 months. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1992; 6:647–652. PMID: 1420754.
Article
154. Osterman MT, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, et al. Increased risk of malignancy with adalimumab combination therapy, compared with monotherapy, for Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:941–949. PMID: 24361468.
Article
155. An oral preparation of mesalamine as long-term maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The Mesalamine Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124:204–211. PMID: 8533995.
156. Adedokun OJ, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. Association between serum concentration of infliximab and efficacy in adult patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014; 147:1296–1307.e5. PMID: 25173754.
Article
157. Roblin X, Marotte H, Rinaudo M, et al. Association between pharmacokinetics of adalimumab and mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014; 12:80–84.e2. PMID: 23891927.
Article
158. Hibi T, Sakuraba A, Watanabe M, et al. Retrieval of serum infliximab level by shortening the maintenance infusion interval is correlated with clinical efficacy in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18:1480–1487. PMID: 21987418.
Article
159. Afif W, Loftus EV Jr, Faubion WA, et al. Clinical utility of measuring infliximab and human anti-chimeric antibody concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010; 105:1133–1139. PMID: 20145610.
Article
160. Roblin X, Rinaudo M, Del Tedesco E, et al. Development of an algorithm incorporating pharmacokinetics of adalimumab in inflammatory bowel diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109:1250–1256. PMID: 24913041.
Article
161. Papamichael K, Rivals-Lerebours O, Billiet T, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis and primary nonresponse to infliximab. J Crohns Colitis. 2016; 10:1015–1023. PMID: 27022161.
Article
162. Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369:699–710. PMID: 23964932.
Article
163. Parikh A, Leach T, Wyant T, et al. Vedolizumab for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled phase 2 dose-ranging study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18:1470–1479. PMID: 22147460.
Article
164. Kotlyar DS, Osterman MT, Diamond RH, et al. A systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 9:36–41.e1. PMID: 20888436.
Article
165. Pouw MF, Krieckaert CL, Nurmohamed MT, et al. Key findings towards optimising adalimumab treatment: the concentration-effect curve. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015; 74:513–518. PMID: 24326008.
Article
166. El-Matary W, Vandermeer B, Griffiths AM. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; (3):CD007560. 10.1002/14651858.CD007560.pub2. PMID: 19588435.
Article
167. Shen J, Zuo ZX, Mao AP. Effect of probiotics on inducing remission and maintaining therapy in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and pouchitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014; 20:21–35. PMID: 24280877.
Article
168. Mardini HE, Grigorian AY. Probiotic mix VSL#3 is effective adjunctive therapy for mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014; 20:1562–1567. PMID: 24918321.
Article
169. Losurdo G, Iannone A, Contaldo A, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, Principi M. Escherichia coli nissle 1917 in ulcerative colitis treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2015; 24:499–505. PMID: 26697577.
Article
170. Petersen AM, Mirsepasi H, Halkjær SI, Mortensen EM, Nordgaard-Lassen I, Krogfelt KA. Ciprofloxacin and probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle add-on treatment in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2014; 8:1498–1505. PMID: 24972748.
Article
171. Higgins PD, Rubin DT, Kaulback K, Schoenfield PS, Kane SV. Systematic review: impact of non-adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid products on the frequency and cost of ulcerative colitis flares. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 29:247–257. PMID: 18945258.
Article
172. Kane S, Huo D, Aikens J, Hanauer S. Medication nonadherence and the outcomes of patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Am J Med. 2003; 114:39–43. PMID: 12543288.
Article
173. Sutherland L, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (2):CD000544. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000544.pub2. PMID: 16625537.
Article
174. Lichtenstein GR, Ramsey D, Rubin DT. Randomised clinical trial: delayed-release oral mesalazine 4.8 g/day vs. 2.4 g/day in endoscopic mucosal healing. ASCEND I and II combined analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 33:672–678. PMID: 21255059.
Article
175. Kamm MA, Lichtenstein GR, Sandborn WJ, et al. Randomised trial of once- or twice-daily MMX mesalazine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2008; 57:893–902. PMID: 18272546.
Article
176. Sandberg-Gertzén H, Järnerot G, Kraaz W. Azodisal sodium in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a study of tolerance and relapseprevention properties. Gastroenterology. 1986; 90:1024–1030. PMID: 2868964.
Article
177. Miner P, Hanauer S, Robinson M, Schwartz J, Arora S. Safety and efficacy of controlled-release mesalamine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis: Pentasa UC Maintenance Study Group. Dig Dis Sci. 1995; 40:296–304. PMID: 7851193.
Article
178. Hawkey CJ, Dube LM, Rountree LV, Linnen PJ, Lancaster JF. A trial of zileuton versus mesalazine or placebo in the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis: the European Zileuton Study Group for Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112:718–724. PMID: 9041232.
Article
179. Kruis W, Jonaitis L, Pokrotnieks J, et al. Randomised clinical trial: a comparative dose-finding study of three arms of dual release mesalazine for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 33:313–322. PMID: 21138455.
Article
180. Ford AC, Khan KJ, Sandborn WJ, Hanauer SB, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of topical 5-aminosalicylates in preventing relapse of quiescent ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 10:513–519. PMID: 22083024.
Article
181. Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH, Newman JR, Anand A, Irvine EJ. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11:CD004118. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004118.pub2. PMID: 23152224.
Article
182. d'Albasio G, Pacini F, Camarri E, et al. Combined therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid tablets and enemas for maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:1143–1147. PMID: 9219787.
183. Fockens P, Mulder CJ, Tytgat GN, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of 1.5 compared with 3.0 g oral slow-release mesalazine (Pentasa) in the maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dutch Pentasa Study Group. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995; 7:1025–1030. PMID: 8680900.
Article
184. Feagan BG, Macdonald JK. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 10:CD000544. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000544.pub3. PMID: 23076890.
Article
185. Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1974; 1:1067–1070. PMID: 4135487.
Article
186. Paoluzi OA, Iacopini F, Pica R, et al. Comparison of two different daily dosages (2.4 vs. 1.2 g) of oral mesalazine in maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis patients: 1-year followup study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 21:1111–1119. PMID: 15854173.
Article
187. Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Seo DH, Stone CD. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5:339–344. PMID: 17368233.
Article
188. Azad Khan AK, Howes DT, Piris J, Truelove SC. Optimum dose of sulphasalazine for maintenance treatment in ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1980; 21:232–240. PMID: 6105118.
Article
189. Dignass AU, Bokemeyer B, Adamek H, et al. Mesalamine once daily is more effective than twice daily in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 7:762–769. PMID: 19375519.
Article
190. Gisbert JP, Linares PM, McNicholl AG, Maté J, Gomollón F. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of azathioprine and mercaptopurine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 30:126–137. PMID: 19392869.
Article
191. Khan KJ, Dubinsky MC, Ford AC, Ullman TA, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P. Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011; 106:630–642. PMID: 21407186.
Article
192. Timmer A, McDonald JW, Tsoulis DJ, Macdonald JK. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (9):CD000478. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000478.pub3. PMID: 22972046.
Article
193. Park SK, Yang SK, Ye BD, et al. The long-term efficacy of azathioprine in steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013; 48:1386–1393. PMID: 24164382.
Article
194. Dignass A, Eliakim R, Magro F, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012; 6:965–990. PMID: 23040452.
Article
195. Actis GC, Bresso F, Astegiano M, et al. Safety and efficacy of azathioprine in the maintenance of ciclosporin-induced remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001; 15:1307–1311. PMID: 11552900.
Article
196. Campbell S, Ghosh S. Combination immunomodulatory therapy with cyclosporine and azathioprine in corticosteroidresistant severe ulcerative colitis: the Edinburgh experience of outcome. Dig Liver Dis. 2003; 35:546–551. PMID: 14567458.
Article
197. Ramakrishna J, Langhans N, Calenda K, Grand RJ, Verhave M. Combined use of cyclosporine and azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996; 22:296–302. PMID: 8708884.
Article
198. Domènech E, Garcia-Planella E, Bernal I, et al. Azathioprine without oral ciclosporin in the long-term maintenance of remission induced by intravenous ciclosporin in severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 16:2061–2065. PMID: 12452938.
Article
199. Siegel CA, Sands BE. Review article: practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients taking immunomodulators. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 22:1–16.
Article
200. Present DH, Meltzer SJ, Krumholz MP, Wolke A, Korelitz BI. 6-Mercaptopurine in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: short- and long-term toxicity. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 111:641–649. PMID: 2802419.
Article
201. Connell WR, Kamm MA, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE. Bone marrow toxicity caused by azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease: 27 years of experience. Gut. 1993; 34:1081–1085. PMID: 8174958.
Article
202. Fraser AG, Orchard TR, Jewell DP. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30 year review. Gut. 2002; 50:485–489. PMID: 11889067.
Article
203. Kim JH, Cheon JH, Hong SS, et al. Influences of thiopurine methyltransferase genotype and activity on thiopurine-induced leukopenia in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; 44:e242–e248. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6baf5. PMID: 20308917.
204. Ban H, Andoh A, Tanaka A, et al. Analysis of thiopurine Smethyltransferase genotypes in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Intern Med. 2008; 47:1645–1648. PMID: 18827410.
Article
205. Takatsu N, Matsui T, Murakami Y, et al. Adverse reactions to azathioprine cannot be predicted by thiopurine S-methyltransferase genotype in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009; 24:1258–1264. PMID: 19682195.
Article
206. Fangbin Z, Xiang G, Minhu C, et al. Should thiopurine methyltransferase genotypes and phenotypes be measured before thiopurine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease? Ther Drug Monit. 2012; 34:695–701. PMID: 23149442.
Article
207. El-Matary W. Letter: thiopurine blood monitoring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012; 35:742. PMID: 22348522.
Article
208. Yang SK, Hong M, Baek J, et al. A common missense variant in NUDT15 confers susceptibility to thiopurine-induced leukopenia. Nat Genet. 2014; 46:1017–1020. PMID: 25108385.
Article
209. Adedokun OJ, Xu Z, Marano CW, et al. Pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of golimumab in patients with moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis: results from phase 2/3 PURSUIT induction and maintenance studies. J Crohns Colitis. 2017; 11:35–46. PMID: 27440869.
Article
210. Dulai PS, Siegel CA, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha monotherapy versus combination therapy with an immunomodulator in IBD. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014; 43:441–456. PMID: 25110252.
Article
211. Gao X, Zhang FB, Ding L, et al. The potential influence of 5-aminosalicylic acid on the induction of myelotoxicity during thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 24:958–964. PMID: 22664938.
Article
212. de Boer NK, Wong DR, Jharap B, et al. Dose-dependent influence of 5-aminosalicylates on thiopurine metabolism. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102:2747–2753. PMID: 17764493.
Article
213. Shah JA, Edwards CM, Probert CS. Should azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates be coprescribed in inflammatory bowel disease?: an audit of adverse events and outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20:169–173. PMID: 18301295.
Article
214. Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2009; 374:1617–1625. PMID: 19837455.
Article
215. Lobel EZ, Korelitz BI, Xuereb MA, Panagopoulos G. A search for the optimal duration of treatment with 6-mercaptopurine for ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99:462–465. PMID: 15056086.
Article
216. Chaparro M, Ordás I, Cabré E, et al. Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19:1404–1410. PMID: 23665964.
217. Kozarek RA, Patterson DJ, Gelfand MD, Botoman VA, Ball TJ, Wilske KR. Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110:353–356. PMID: 2492786.
Article
218. Ardizzone S, Petrillo M, Molteni P, Desideri S, Bianchi Porro G. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid (Claversal) is equivalent to sulfasalazine for remission maintenance in ulcerative colitis: a double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1995; 21:287–289. PMID: 8583101.
Article
219. Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121:255–260. PMID: 11487534.
220. Bjarnason I, Macpherson A, Mackintosh C, Buxton-Thomas M, Forgacs I, Moniz C. Reduced bone density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1997; 40:228–233. PMID: 9071937.
221. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146:96–109.e1. PMID: 23770005.
222. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and -2 extension studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18:201–211. PMID: 21484965.
223. Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, et al. Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137:1250–1260. PMID: 19596014.
224. Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, D'Haens G, et al. One-year maintenance outcomes among patients with moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis who responded to induction therapy with adalimumab: subgroup analyses from ULTRA 2. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 37:204–213. PMID: 23173821.
225. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R, et al. 52-week efficacy of adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who failed corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19:1700–1709. PMID: 23665965.
226. Williams CJ, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Ford AC. Systematic review with meta-analysis: malignancies with anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014; 39:447–458. PMID: 24444171.
227. Vande Casteele N, Gils A, Singh S, et al. Antibody response to infliximab and its impact on pharmacokinetics can be transient. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108:962–971. PMID: 23419382.
228. Paul S, Del Tedesco E, Marotte H, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab and mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19:2568–2576. PMID: 24013361.
229. Parikh A, Fox I, Leach T, et al. Long-term clinical experience with vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19:1691–1699. PMID: 23591599.
230. Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease [published online ahead of print February 18, 2016]. Gut. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311079.
231. Petkau JM, Eksteen B. Selective biologics for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: clinical utility of vedolizumab. Biologics. 2016; 10:33–52. PMID: 27022240.
232. Rosario M, Wyant T, Milch C, et al. DOP058 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship and immunogenicity of vedolizumab in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: additional results from the GEMINI 1 and 2 studies. J Crohns Colitis. 2014; 8:S42–S43.
233. Parks AG, Nicholls RJ. Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1978; 2:85–88. PMID: 667572.
234. Lovegrove RE, Constantinides VA, Heriot AG, et al. A comparison of hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) following proctocolectomy: a meta-analysis of 4183 patients. Ann Surg. 2006; 244:18–26. PMID: 16794385.
235. Kariv R, Remzi FH, Lian L, et al. Preoperative colorectal neoplasia increases risk for pouch neoplasia in patients with restorative proctocolectomy. Gastroenterology. 2010; 139:806–812.e2. PMID: 20537999.
Article
236. Williamson ME, Lewis WG, Sagar PM, Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D. One-stage restorative proctocolectomy without temporary ileostomy for ulcerative colitis: a note of caution. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997; 40:1019–1022. PMID: 9293928.
237. Fleming FJ, Francone TD, Kim MJ, Gunzler D, Messing S, Monson JR. A laparoscopic approach does reduce short-term complications in patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011; 54:176–182. PMID: 21228665.
Article
238. Hull TL, Joyce MR, Geisler DP, Coffey JC. Adhesions after laparoscopic and open ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery for ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg. 2012; 99:270–275. PMID: 22095139.
Article
239. Trickett JP, Tilney HS, Gudgeon AM, Mellor SG, Edwards DP. Management of the rectal stump after emergency sub-total colectomy: which surgical option is associated with the lowest morbidity? Colorectal Dis. 2005; 7:519–522. PMID: 16108892.
Article
Full Text Links
  • IR
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2025 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr