3. Cho MK, Park HM. The national use of hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women in 2010. J Korean Soc Menopause. 2011. 17:150–154.
4. Kim DK, Shin JA, Lee KT. Monitoring of compositions of gamma-linolenic and omega-3 fatty acids in some functional foods consumed in market. CNU J Agric Sci. 2011. 38:277–284.
5. Park JS. Maternal and paternal nutrition before conception. J Korean Med Assoc. 2011. 54:818–824.
6. Park Y. Omega-3 index as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its application to Korean population. Korean J Obes. 2010. 19:1–8.
7. Yeoum SG. The investigation on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease for postmenopausal women over 50 years. J Korean Soc Menopause. 2003. 9:266–272.
8. He K, Song Y, Daviglus ML, Liu K, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, et al. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation. 2004. 109:2705–2711.
9. Park S, Park Y. Effects of dietary fish oil and trans fat on rat aorta histopathology and cardiovascular risk markers. Nutr Res Pract. 2009. 3:102–107.
10. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, Weinmann S, Wicklund KG, Albright J, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995. 274:1363–1367.
11. Harris WS, Park Y, Isley WL. Cardiovascular disease and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003. 14:9–14.
12. Harris WS, Von Schacky C. The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med. 2004. 39:212–220.
13. Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Willett WC, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2002. 346:1113–1118.
14. Chung HY. Osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment 2007. J Korean Endocr Soc. 2008. 23:76–108.
15. So H, Ahn S, Song R, Kim H. Relationships among obesity, bone mineral density, and cardiovascular risks in post-menopausal women. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2010. 16:224–233.
16. Yoo YW, Lee EN. The Influencing factors of the compliance level with therapeutic regimen after the bone mineral densitometry. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2004. 34:63–71.
17. Haag M, Magada ON, Claassen N, Bohmer LH, Kruger MC. Omega-3 fatty acids modulate ATPases involved in duodenal Ca absorption. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003. 68:423–429.
18. Claassen N, Potgieter HC, Seppa M, Vermaak WJ, Coetzer H, Van Papendorp DH, et al. Supplemented gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid influence bone status in young male rats: effects on free urinary collagen crosslinks, total urinary hydroxyproline, and bone calcium content. Bone. 1995. 16:385S–392S.
19. Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, Claassen N. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases. Nutr Res. 1995. 15:211–219.
20. Sun D, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Lawrence R, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G. Dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2003. 18:1206–1216.
21. Sakaguchi K, Morita I, Murota S. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits bone loss due to ovariectomy in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994. 50:81–84.
22. Mollard RC, Gillam ME, Wood TM, Taylor CG, Weiler HA. (n-3) fatty acids reduce the release of prostaglandin E2 from bone but do not affect bone mass in obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats. J Nutr. 2005. 135:499–504.
23. Watkins BA, Li Y, Seifert MF. Dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and docosahexaenoic acid: actions on bone mineral and serum biomarkers in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2006. 17:282–289.
24. Weiss LA, Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D. Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. 81:934–938.
25. Griel AE, Kris-Etherton PM, Hilpert KF, Zhao G, West SG, Corwin RL. An increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids decreases a marker of bone resorption in humans. Nutr J. 2007. 6:2.
26. Hogstrom M, Nordstrom P, Nordstrom A. n-3 Fatty acids are positively associated with peak bone mineral density and bone accrual in healthy men: the NO2 Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007. 85:803–807.
27. Corwin RL, Hartman TJ, Maczuga SA, Graubard BI. Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density in humans: analysis of NHANES III. J Nutr. 2006. 136:159–165.
28. Jin GB, Inoue S, Urano T, Cho S, Ouchi Y, Cyong JC. Induction of anti-metallothionein antibody and mercury treatment decreases bone mineral density in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002. 185:98–110.
29. Matsuo N. Studies on the toxicity of fish oil. V. Toxicity of oxidized commercial cod-liver oil. Tokushima J Exp Med. 1961. 8:96–100.
30. Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit. 2008. 14:RA37–RA44.
31. Salari Sharif P, Asalforoush M, Ameri F, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on bone biomarkers in Iranian postmenopausal osteoporotic women: a randomized clinical trial. Age (Dordr). 2010. 32:179–186.
32. Freeman MP. Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry: a review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2000. 12:159–165.
33. Hardman WE. Omega-3 fatty acids to augment cancer therapy. J Nutr. 2002. 132:3508S–3512S.
34. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991. 54:438–463.
35. Kim J, Lim SY, Shin A, Sung MK, Ro J, Kang HS, et al. Fatty fish and fish omega-3 fatty acid intakes decrease the breast cancer risk: a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2009. 9:216.
36. Kim JM, Kim TH. Changes of urinary tract after menopause and effectiveness of menopausal hormone replacement therapy. J Korean Soc Menopause. 2011. 17:136–141.
37. Behn C, Araneda OF, Llanos AJ, Celedon G, Gonzalez G. Hypoxia-related lipid peroxidation: evidences, implications and approaches. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007. 158:143–150.
38. Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2006. 75:197–202.
39. Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease--fishing for a natural treatment. BMJ. 2004. 328:30–35.
40. Sperling RI, Benincaso AI, Knoell CT, Larkin JK, Austen KF, Robinson DR. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils. J Clin Invest. 1993. 91:651–660.
41. Ebbesson SO, Risica PM, Ebbesson LO, Kennish JM, Tejero ME. Omega-3 fatty acids improve glucose tolerance and components of the metabolic syndrome in Alaskan Eskimos: the Alaska Siberia project. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005. 64:396–408.
42. Heo J, Park Y, Park HM. Dietary intake of nutrients and food in postmenopausal Korean women. J Korean Soc Menopause. 2011. 17:12–20.
43. Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006. 60:502–507.