A Study of Inter-observer Agreements of Spiral Chest Computed Tomography in Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism

Kim, Yang Ki; Lee, Young Mok; Kim, Ki up; Uh, Soo taek; Kim, Yong Hoon; Park, Choon Sik; Hwang, Jung Hwa; Kim, Dong Hun; Goo, Dong Erk; Choi, Deuk Lin

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A pulmonary embolism often presents with nonspecific symptoms and signs. However, a delayed diagnosis can result in catastrophic outcome. The majority of preventable deaths associated with a pulmonary embolism can be ascribed to a missed diagnosis rather than to the failure of existing treatments. Therefore, accurate and rapid diagnostic methods are essential for the management of a pulmonary embolism. The recent generation of multidetector-row spiral CT scanners appears to outperform other imaging modalities in detecting a central and peripheral pulmonary embolism. However, there are some variations in the interpretations of the findings between observers. This study examined the inter-observer differences of the diagnoses in patients with a pulmonary embolism. METHOD: 64 patients who were diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism either clinically or with spiral chest CT from 2002 to 2004, were included. Two thoracic radiologists interpreted the multidetector-row spiral CT in terms of the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism and the location of the thrombus independently. Among 64 patients, 14 patients were excluded because there was no evidence of a pulmonary embolism or there was different interpretation of the pulmonary embolism between radiologists. A clinical diagnosis was based on "Rules for predicting the probability of embolism".
RESULTS
The mean score of the patients according to the Wells method was 3.91 +/- 0.30 (0-9). The accordance of the radiologists was 95% in the main, 85% in the lobar, 91.2% in the segmental, and 96% in the sub-segmental pulmonary arteries. After excluding the negative interpretation from both radiologists, their agreement was 76.2%(kappa: 0.83) in the main, 57.6%(kappa: 0.63) in the lobar, 51.5%(kappa: 0.63) in the segmental, and 34.6%(kappa: 0.49) in the sub-segmental pulmonary arteries.
CONCLUSION
Chest CT has been recently applied to patients suspected of having a pulmonary embolism. It was found that spiral CT is a rapid test for diagnosing a thrombus, and there was reliable accordance between the observers from the area of the large pulmonary arteries. However, there was a lack of agreement between the observers in diagnosing thrombi located distal to the sub-segmental arteries.