J Korean Med Assoc.  2016 Jun;59(6):443-451. 10.5124/jkma.2016.59.6.443.

Advanced understandings for Zika virus

• Yoon HJ

• KMID: 2305545
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2016.59.6.443

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne member of the genus Flavivirus, closely related to the dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses and is transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. It has emerged explosively since 2007 to cause a series of epidemics in Micronesia, the South Pacific, and most recently the Americas. Following the first detection of ZIKV on the American continent, autochthonous ZIKV transmission has been confirmed throughout Central and South America. The unprecedented numbers of people infected during recent outbreaks in the South Pacific and the Americas may have resulted in enough ZIKV infections to notice patterns of the associated incidence of congenital microcephaly, Gillain-Barre symdrome, and acute diffuse encephalomyelitis. Here we review the history, emergence, biology, transmission, and control strategies for the ongoing outbreak through vector-centric approaches on ZIKV to date.

Keyword

Zika virus; Flavivirus; Arboviruses; Disease outbreaks

MeSH Terms

Aedes
Americas
Arboviruses
Biology
Culicidae
Dengue
Disease Outbreaks
Encephalitis, Japanese
Encephalomyelitis
Flavivirus
Incidence
Microcephaly
Micronesia
South America
Yellow fever virus
Zika Virus*

Figure

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  Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree of Zika virus. (From Lanciotti RS, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:933-935, according to Creative Commons license)[15].

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  Figure 2 Tiered algorithm for arbovirus detection for suspected cases of chikungunya, dengue, or Zika. Testing only performed if travel history indicates travel to affected area (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised diagnostic testing for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses in US Public Health Laboratories [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016) [30]. a)Due to extensive cross-reactivity in flavivirus serological assays, for samples collected <7 days post illness onset, molecular detection should be performed first; b)Perform if sample ≥4 days after symptom onset; c)Extensive cross-reactivity would be expected in samples from dengue virus/Zika virus circulation areas. A positive immunoglobulin M (lgM) assay with either antigen should be confirmed by using plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) against both Zika virus and dengue virus as well as any other flavivirus (e.g., Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc.) that might be found in that geographic area (including travel areas); d)PRNT should include any flavivirus (e.g., Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc.) that might be found in that geographic area (including travel areas). RT, real time; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

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