J Adv Prosthodont.  2014 Dec;6(6):547-554. 10.4047/jap.2014.6.6.547.

The influence of thread geometry on implant osseointegration under immediate loading: a literature review

• Ryu HS
• Namgung C
• Lee JH
• Lim YJ

• KMID: 2284730
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2014.6.6.547

Abstract

Implant success is achieved by the synergistic combination of numerous biomechanical factors. This report examines the mechanical aspect of implants. In particular, it is focused on macrodesign such as thread shape, pitch, width and depth, and crestal module of implants. This study reviews the literature regarding the effect of implant thread geometry on primary stability and osseointegration under immediate loading. The search strategy included both in vitro and in vivo studies published in the MEDLINE database from January 2000 to June 2014. Various geometrical parameters are analyzed to evaluate their significance for optimal stress distribution, implant surface area, and bone remodeling responses during the process of osseointegration.

Keyword

Dental implants; Implant macrodesign; Thread geometry; Primary stability; Immediate loading

MeSH Terms

Bone Remodeling
Dental Implants
Osseointegration*
Dental Implants

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Implant macrodesign parameters used in this report (Implant image from Neobiotech CMI IS-II active®).

Reference

1. Haas R, Mensdorff-Pouilly N, Mailath G, Watzek G. Brånemark single tooth implants: a preliminary report of 76 implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1995; 73:274–279.

2. Goodacre CJ, Bernal G, Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JY. Clinical complications with implants and implant prostheses. J Prosthet Dent. 2003; 90:121–132.

3. Fugazzotto PA. Success and failure rates of osseointegrated implants in function in regenerated bone for 72 to 133 months. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005; 20:77–83.

4. Atieh MA, Atieh AH, Payne AG, Duncan WJ. Immediate loading with single implant crowns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prosthodont. 2009; 22:378–387.

5. Cochran DL, Morton D, Weber HP. Consensus statements and recommended clinical procedures regarding loading protocols for endosseous dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2004; 19:109–113.

6. Glauser R, Zembic A, Hämmerle CH. A systematic review of marginal soft tissue at implants subjected to immediate loading or immediate restoration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006; 17:82–92.

7. Romanos GE, Toh CG, Siar CH, Swaminathan D. Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of peri-implant bone subjected to immediate loading: an experimental study with Macaca fascicularis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002; 17:44–51.

8. Ibañez JC, Jalbout ZN. Immediate loading of osseotite implants: two-year results. Implant Dent. 2002; 11:128–136.

9. Rocci A, Rocci M, Rocci C, Scoccia A, Gargari M, Martignoni M, Gottlow J, Sennerby L. Immediate loading of Brånemark system TiUnite and machined-surface implants in the posterior mandible, part II: a randomized open-ended 9-year follow-up clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013; 28:891–895.

10. Ostman PO, Hellman M, Sennerby L. Direct implant loading in the edentulous maxilla using a bone density-adapted surgical protocol and primary implant stability criteria for inclusion. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005; 7:S60–S69.

11. Sennerby L, Meredith N. Implant stability measurements using resonance frequency analysis: biological and biomechanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontol 2000. 2008; 47:51–66.

12. Abuhussein H, Pagni G, Rebaudi A, Wang HL. The effect of thread pattern upon implant osseointegration. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010; 21:129–136.

13. Boggan RS, Strong JT, Misch CE, Bidez MW. Influence of hex geometry and prosthetic table width on static and fatigue strength of dental implants. J Prosthet Dent. 1999; 82:436–440.

14. Hansson S, Werke M. The implant thread as a retention element in cortical bone: the effect of thread size and thread profile: a finite element study. J Biomech. 2003; 36:1247–1258.

15. Prendergast PJ, Huiskes R. Microdamage and osteocyte-lacuna strain in bone: a microstructural finite element analysis. J Biomech Eng. 1996; 118:240–246.

16. Brunski JB. In vivo bone response to biomechanical loading at the bone/dental-implant interface. Adv Dent Res. 1999; 13:99–119.

17. Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem. Anat Rec. 1990; 226:403–413.

18. Chang PK, Chen YC, Huang CC, Lu WH, Chen YC, Tsai HH. Distribution of micromotion in implants and alveolar bone with different thread profiles in immediate loading: a finite element study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012; 27:e96–e101.

19. Eraslan O, Inan O. The effect of thread design on stress distribution in a solid screw implant: a 3D finite element analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2010; 14:411–416.

20. Steigenga J, Al-Shammari K, Misch C, Nociti FH Jr, Wang HL. Effects of implant thread geometry on percentage of osseointegration and resistance to reverse torque in the tibia of rabbits. J Periodontol. 2004; 75:1233–1241.

21. Geng JP, Ma QS, Xu W, Tan KB, Liu GR. Finite element analysis of four thread-form configurations in a stepped screw implant. J Oral Rehabil. 2004; 31:233–239.

22. Chun HJ, Cheong SY, Han JH, Heo SJ, Chung JP, Rhyu IC, Choi YC, Baik HK, Ku Y, Kim MH. Evaluation of design parameters of osseointegrated dental implants using finite element analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2002; 29:565–574.

23. McAllister BS, Cherry JE, Kolinski ML, Parrish KD, Pumphrey DW, Schroering RL. Two-year evaluation of a variable-thread tapered implant in extraction sites with immediate temporization: a multicenter clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012; 27:611–618.

24. Arnhart C, Kielbassa AM, Martinez-de Fuentes R, Goldstein M, Jackowski J, Lorenzoni M, Maiorana C, Mericske-Stern R, Pozzi A, Rompen E, Sanz M, Strub JR. Comparison of variable-thread tapered implant designs to a standard tapered implant design after immediate loading. A 3-year multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2012; 5:123–136.

25. Ivanoff CJ, Gröndahl K, Sennerby L, Bergström C, Lekholm U. Influence of variations in implant diameters: a 3- to 5-year retrospective clinical report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1999; 14:173–180.

26. Misch CE, Steignga J, Barboza E, Misch-Dietsh F, Cianciola LJ, Kazor C. Short dental implants in posterior partial edentulism: a multicenter retrospective 6-year case series study. J Periodontol. 2006; 77:1340–1347.

27. Steigenga JT, al-Shammari KF, Nociti FH, Misch CE, Wang HL. Dental implant design and its relationship to long-term implant success. Implant Dent. 2003; 12:306–317.

28. Orsini E, Giavaresi G, Trirè A, Ottani V, Salgarello S. Dental implant thread pitch and its influence on the osseointegration process: an in vivo comparison study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012; 27:383–392.

29. Chung SH, Heo SJ, Koak JY, Kim SK, Lee JB, Han JS, Han CH, Rhyu IC, Lee SJ. Effects of implant geometry and surface treatment on osseointegration after functional loading: a dog study. J Oral Rehabil. 2008; 35:229–236.

30. Ma P, Liu HC, Li DH, Lin S, Shi Z, Peng QJ. Influence of helix angle and density on primary stability of immediately loaded dental implants: three-dimensional finite element analysis. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007; 42:618–621.

31. Motoyoshi M, Yano S, Tsuruoka T, Shimizu N. Biomechanical effect of abutment on stability of orthodontic mini-implant. A finite element analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005; 16:480–485.

32. Lan TH, Du JK, Pan CY, Lee HE, Chung WH. Biomechanical analysis of alveolar bone stress around implants with different thread designs and pitches in the mandibular molar area. Clin Oral Investig. 2012; 16:363–369.

33. Kong L, Liu BL, Hu KJ, Li DH, Song YL, Ma P, Yang J. Optimized thread pitch design and stress analysis of the cylinder screwed dental implant. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006; 24:509–512. 515

34. Misch CE, Strong T, Bidez MW. Scientific rationale for dental implant design. In : Misch CE, editor. Contemporary Implant Dentistry. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby;2008. p. 200–229.

35. Ao J, Li T, Liu Y, Ding Y, Wu G, Hu K, Kong L. Optimal design of thread height and width on an immediately loaded cylinder implant: a finite element analysis. Comput Biol Med. 2010; 40:681–686.

36. Kong L, Hu K, Li D, Song Y, Yang J, Wu Z, Liu B. Evaluation of the cylinder implant thread height and width: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2008; 23:65–74.

37. Quirynen M, Naert I, van Steenberghe D. Fixture design and overload influence marginal bone loss and fixture success in the Brånemark system. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992; 3:104–111.

38. Shimada E, Pilliar RM, Deporter DA, Schroering R, Atenafu E. A pilot study to assess the performance of a partially threaded sintered porous-surfaced dental implant in the dog mandible. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007; 22:948–954.

39. Hermann JS, Schoolfield JD, Nummikoski PV, Buser D, Schenk RK, Cochran DL. Crestal bone changes around titanium implants: a methodologic study comparing linear radiographic with histometric measurements. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2001; 16:475–485.

40. Hänggi MP, Hänggi DC, Schoolfield JD, Meyer J, Cochran DL, Hermann JS. Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. Part I: A retrospective radiographic evaluation in humans comparing two non-submerged implant designs with different machined collar lengths. J Periodontol. 2005; 76:791–802.

41. Vaillancourt H, Pilliar RM, McCammond D. Finite element analysis of crestal bone loss around porous-coated dental implants. J Appl Biomater. 1995; 6:267–282.

42. Hansson S. The implant neck: smooth or provided with retention elements. A biomechanical approach. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999; 10:394–405.

43. Chowdhary R, Halldin A, Jimbo R, Wennerberg A. Influence of micro threads alteration on osseointegration and primary stability of implants: an FEA and in vivo analysis in rabbits. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2013; 08. 27.

44. Negri B, Calvo Guirado JL, Maté Sánchez de Val JE, Delgado >Ruíz RA, Ramírez Fernández MP, Barona Dorado C. Peri-implant tissue reactions to immediate nonocclusal loaded implants with different collar design: an experimental study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014; 25:e54–e63.

45. Yun HJ, Park JC, Yun JH, Jung UW, Kim CS, Choi SH, Cho KS. A short-term clinical study of marginal bone level change around microthreaded and platform-switched implants. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2011; 41:211–217.

46. Song DW, Lee DW, Kim CK, Park KH, Moon IS. Comparative analysis of peri-implant marginal bone loss based on microthread location: a 1-year prospective study after loading. J Periodontol. 2009; 80:1937–1944.

47. Lee DW, Choi YS, Park KH, Kim CS, Moon IS. Effect of microthread on the maintenance of marginal bone level: a 3-year prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007; 18:465–470.

48. Calvo-Guirado JL, Gómez-Moreno G, Aguilar-Salvatierra A, Guardia J, Delgado-Ruiz RA, Romanos GE. Marginal bone loss evaluation around immediate non-occlusal microthreaded implants placed in fresh extraction sockets in the maxilla: a 3-year study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014; 01. 15.

49. Amid R, Raoofi S, Kadkhodazadeh M, Movahhedi MR, Khademi M. Effect of microthread design of dental implants on stress and strain patterns: a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2013; 58:457–467.

50. Schrotenboer J, Tsao YP, Kinariwala V, Wang HL. Effect of microthreads and platform switching on crestal bone stress levels: a finite element analysis. J Periodontol. 2008; 79:2166–2172.