Nutrition in pregnancy

Choi, Hyung Min

Abstract

Pregnancy consists of a series of small, continuous physiologic adjustments that affect the metabolism of all nutrients. The adjustments undoubtedly vary widely from woman to woman depending on her prepregnancy nutrition, genetic determinants of fetal size, and maternal lifestyle behavior. A healthy and varied diet is important during pregnancy because the maternal diet must provide sufficient energy and nutrients to meet the mother's usual requirements, as well as the needs of the growing fetus, and enable the mother to lay down stores of nutrients required for fetal development as well as for lactation. The dietary recommendations for pregnant women are actually very similar to those for other adults, but with a few notable exceptions. There is an increased requirement for energy, protein and several micronutrients during pregnancy. The importance of good dietary advice during pregnancy is a healthy, balanced diet, in particular plenty of iron- and folate-rich foods. In addition, a folic acid supplement (400 microgram/day) is recommended prior to and up to 12th week of gestation, and vitamin D supplement (10 microgram/day) is recommended throughout pregnancy. As well as following a healthy, balanced diet, staying physically active is also very important during pregnancy. Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain during pregnancy and help the mother return to a normal weight after the birth. Regular aerobic exercises (walking, swimming) during pregnancy help improve or maintain physical fitness and body image. Certain population groups may require closer attention during pregnancy, including teenage girls, women from certain ethnic group, and women from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Efforts to achieve good maternal nutritional status preconception as well as throughout gestation best assure a good milieu for fetal growth and development and maternal health.