J Korean Acad Conserv Dent.  2009 Jan;34(1):51-60. 10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.1.051.

Quantitative comparison of permeability in the adhesive interface of four adhesive systems

• Chang J
• Yi K
• Kim HY
• Lee IB
• Cho BH
• Son HH

• KMID: 2176043
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5395/JKACD.2009.34.1.051

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermocycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL), and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding, the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD, and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.

Keyword

Dentin; Adhesive; SEM; WDS; Thermocycling; Permeability

MeSH Terms

Adhesives
Chimera
Dentin
Dentin-Bonding Agents
Longevity
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Permeability
Resin Cements
Silver
Silver Nitrate
Spectrum Analysis
Adhesives
Dentin-Bonding Agents
Resin Cements
Silver
Silver Nitrate

Figure

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  Figure 1 Diagram for specimen preparation.

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  Figure 2 a Elemental analysis of silver (Ag), calcium (Ca), and silica (Si) on an immediate bonding specimen in OptiBond FL group. Note the sharp peak of Ag as demonstrated in the hybrid layer (arrow) where the Ca value started to rise as well.

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  Figure 2 b An immediate bonding specimen in the Clearfil SE Bond group. Note the increase of Ag in the adhesive layer. The Si level of the adhesive is lower than that in OP because of their different filler composition.

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  Figure 3 OptiBond FL: (a) SEM micrograph with 1000× magnification of the initial bonding status before thermocycling. Silver uptakes were represented by a dense white image in the hybrid layer and dentinal tubules (b) After thermocycling. SEM showed the adjacent location to where the picture (a) was taken. Silver penetration occurred in a similar pattern. (c) SEM of the same location as (b) with a lower magnification. Integrity of bonding seemed to be maintained between composite resin and dentin throughout thermocycling.

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  Figure 4 AdheSE: (a) Before thermocycling. Multiple silver droplets were contained within the adhesive layer. Artifact ual crack line from vacuum stress was demonstrated right above the hybrid layer (arrows). (b) The adjacent area aft er thermocycling. Crack propagated further between the adhesive and hybrid layer (white arrow). There was no change in silver accumulation patterns.

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  Figure 5 Clearfil SE Bond: (a) Before thermocycling. Silver mostly presented in the thin hybrid layer. (b) The area next to (a) after thermocycling. Bonding interface kept integrated with the silver penetrated hybrid layer in the same manner.

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  Figure 6 Xeno III [XE] (a) Bonding before thermocycling. It is noticeable that silver penetration occurred in composite/enamel interface as well as in composite/dentin and appeared overall in the adhesive and hybrid layer. (b) Before thermocycling. Dense deposition of silver was spread uniformly along the adhesive and hybrid layer. (c) The adjacent location was shown after thermocycling. Silver particles coalesced in an irregular form.

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