Diabetes Metab J.  2013 Dec;37(6):475-483. 10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.475.

Pattern of Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia according to Type of Diabetes: A Predator Stress Model

• Chang JS
• You YH
• Park SY
• Kim JW
• Kim HS
• Yoon KH
• Cho JH

• KMID: 2174230
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.475

Abstract

BACKGROUND
We aimed to quantify stress-induced hyperglycemia and differentiate the glucose response between normal animals and those with diabetes. We also examined the pattern in glucose fluctuation induced by stress according to type of diabetes.
METHODS
To load psychological stress on animal models, we used a predator stress model by exposing rats to a cat for 60 minutes and measured glucose level from the beginning to the end of the test to monitor glucose fluctuation. We induced type 1 diabetes model (T1D) for ten Sprague-Dawley rats using streptozotocin and used five Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats as obese type 2 diabetes model (OT2D) and 10 Goto-Kakizaki rats as nonobese type 2 diabetes model (NOT2D). We performed the stress loading test in both the normal and diabetic states and compared patterns of glucose fluctuation among the three models. We classified the pattern of glucose fluctuation into A, B, and C types according to speed of change in glucose level.
RESULTS
Increase in glucose, total amount of hyperglycemic exposure, time of stress-induced hyperglycemia, and speed of glucose increase were significantly increased in all models compared to the normal state. While the early increase in glucose after exposure to stress was higher in T1D and NOT2D, it was slower in OT2D. The rate of speed of the decrease in glucose level was highest in NOT2D and lowest in OT2D.
CONCLUSION
The diabetic state was more vulnerable to stress compared to the normal state in all models, and the pattern of glucose fluctuation differed among the three types of diabetes. The study provides basic evidence for stress-induced hyperglycemia patterns and characteristics used for the management of diabetes patients.

Keyword

Diabetes; Glucose fluctuation; Models, animal; Predator stress model; Stress; Type of diabetes

MeSH Terms

Animals
Cats
Glucose
Humans
Hyperglycemia*
Models, Animal
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Streptozocin
Stress, Psychological
Glucose
Streptozocin

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Stress loading on rats. We exposed rats to a cat in an experimental box to produce mental stress. The box was composed of two separate but adjacent compartments into which the cat and the rats were placed. Rats were exposed to the cat for 60 minutes for the stress-loading test. We measured glucose levels with a glucometer at 5-minute intervals during the test.

• 

  Fig. 2 Variables for analysis of pattern of glucose fluctuation induced by stress. Gpeak, peak glucose level; ΔG, glucose increment caused by stress; ΔGAUC, total amount of hyperglycemic change caused by stress; Tpeak, time to reach peak glucose level; Ttotal, time to return to the baseline glucose level from the beginning of the stressor exposure; Grinc(peak), increasing rate of glucose from beginning to peak (mg/dL/min); Grinc(15 min, 30 min, and 60 min), increasing rate of glucose from beginning to 15, 30 to 60 minutes points, respectively; Grdec, decreasing rate of glucose from peak level to baseline level. aGrinc(15 min), bGrinc(30 min), cGrinc(60 min), dGrinc(peak), eGrdec.

• 

  Fig. 3 Patterns of glucose fluctuation induced by acute predator stress with cat exposure in type 1 diabetes model (T1D), obese type 2 diabetes model (OT2D), and nonobese type 2 diabetes model (NOT2D). Pattern A, fast & slow, in which glucose was rapidly increased by the acute stress and slowly decreased after reaching peak level; pattern B, fast & fast, in which glucose rapidly increased and also rapidly decreased; and pattern C, slow & slow, in which glucose slowly increased and also slowly decreased. aRM ANOVA, repeated measures analysis of variance test.

• 

  Fig. 4 (A-D) Comparison of variables associated with pattern of glucose fluctuation induced by acute predator stress. Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. T1D, type 1 diabetes model; OT2D, obese type 2 diabetes model; NOT2D, nonobese type 2 diabetes model; Gpeak, peak glucose level (mg/dL); ΔG, glucose increment caused by stress (mg/dL); ΔGAUC, total amount of hyperglycemic change caused by stress (mg/dL/min); Tpeak, time to reach peak glucose level; Ttotal, time to return to the baseline glucose level from the beginning of the stressor exposure. Independent two-tailed Student t-test. aP<0.05 T1D vs. OT2D, bP<0.01 OT2D vs. NOT2D, cP<0.05, dP<0.05, eP<0.01 T1D vs. NOT2D.

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