J Korean Med Sci.  2006 Aug;21(4):701-708. 10.3346/jkms.2006.21.4.701.

Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Familial History of Hypertension/Stroke, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

• Paek KW
• Chun KH
• Lee KW

• KMID: 2157824
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2006.21.4.701

Abstract

This research analyzes the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Korea and examines how the presence of a familial history of diseases related to MS, such as hypertension/stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, affect the development of MS in Koreans. The prevalence of MS and its components, as defined by the Nation-al Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines, were evalu-ated in nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized civilian Koreans. This analysis is based on the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examina-tion Survey, which used a stratified multistage probability sampling design. The final study included 5, 742 adults who had completed the necessary health examinations and met the diagnosis of MS. The prevalence of MS was 25.5% in men and 28.7% in women. Odds ratio for MS among men with a familial history of hypertension/stroke was higher than that among men who did not have this history. The OR for MS among women with a familial history of hypertension/stroke or diabetes was higher than that among women who had no familial history of these diseases. These results show that familial history of hypertension/stroke and diabetes was significantly related to the presence of MS in both young men and women.

Keyword

Metabolic Syndrome X; Causality; Predisposing Factor; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mel-litus, Type 2; Korea

MeSH Terms

Sex Factors
Prevalence
Odds Ratio
Middle Aged
Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology/*genetics
Male
Korea/epidemiology
Hypertension/*genetics
Humans
Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics
Female
Family Health
Diabetes Mellitus/*genetics
Cerebrovascular Accident/*genetics
Cardiovascular Diseases/*genetics
Aged
Age Factors
Age Distribution
Adult

Reference

1. Ford EF. The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study. Atherosclerosis. 2004. 173:309–314.

2. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001. 24:683–689.

3. National Cholesterol Education Program. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001. 285:2486–2497.

4. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998. 15:539–553.

5. Kawachi I, Sparrow D, Spiro A 3rd, Vokonas P, Weiss ST. A prospective study of anger and coronary heart disease. The Normative Aging Study. Circulation. 1996. 94:2090–2095.

6. Karasek R, Baker D, Marxer F, Ahlbom A, Theorell T. Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of Swedish men. Am J Public Health. 1981. 71:694–705.

7. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999. 99:2192–2217.

8. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. BMJ. 1999. 318:1460–1467.

9. Lee KS, Park CY, Meng KH, Bush A, Lee SH, Lee WC, Koo JW, Chung CK. The association of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption with other cardiovascular risk factors in men from Seoul, Korea. Ann Epidemiol. 1998. 8:31–38.

10. Rosell M, de Faire U, Hellenius ML. Low prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in wine drinkers-is it the alcohol beverage or the lifestyle? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003. 57:227–234.

11. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgeon General's report on physical activity and health. JAMA. 1996. 276:522.

12. Ivy JL. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Sports Medicine. 1997. 24:321–336.

13. Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, Bergman RN. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1998. 279:669–674.

14. Smith GD, Bartley M, Blane D. The Black Report on socioeconomic inequalities in health 10 years on. BMJ. 1990. 301:373–377.

15. Smith GD, Carroll D, Rankin S, Rowan D. Socioeconomic differentials in mortality: evidence from Glasgow grave-yards. BMJ. 1992. 305:1554–1557.

16. Kunst AE, Mackenbach JP. The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries. Am J Public Health. 1994. 84:932–937.

17. Goldblatt P. Goldblatt P, editor. Mortality and alternative social classifications. Longitudinal study: mortality and social organisation. 1990. London: HMSO;163–192.

18. Davey SG, Blane D, Bartley M. Explanations for socioeconomic differentials in mortality: evidence from Britain and elsewhere. European J Public Health. 1994. 4:131–144.

19. Choiniere R, Latontaine P, Edwards AC. Distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors by socioeconomic status among Canadian adults. Can Med Asso J. 2000. 162:S13–S24.

20. Brunner EJ, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Juneja M. Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia. 1997. 40:1341–1349.

21. Hunt KJ, Heiss G, Sholinsky PD, Province MA. Familial history of metabolic disorders and the multiple metabolic syndrome: the NHLBI family heart study. Genet Epidemiol. 2000. 19:395–409.

22. Liese AD, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tyroler HA, Davis CE, Keil U, Schmidt MI, Brancati FL, Heiss G. Familial components of the multiple metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia. 1997. 40:963–970.

23. American Society of Hypertension. Recommedations for routine blood pressure measurements by indirect cuff sphygmomanometry. Am J Hypertens. 1992. 5:207–209.

24. Park HS, Oh SW, Cho SI, Choi WH, Kim YS. The metabolic syndrome and associated lifestyle factors among South Korean adults. Int J Epidemiol. 2004. 33:328–336.

25. Kim MH, Kim BY, Shin YJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its association with cardiovascular disease in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2004. 19:195–201.

26. Yoon YS, Oh SW, Baik HW, Park HS, Kim WY. Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. 80:217–224.

27. Williams JE, Paton CC, Siegler IC, Eigenbrodt ML, Nieto FJ, Tyroler HA. Anger proneness predicts coronary heart disease risk: prospective analysis from the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Circulation. 2000. 101:2034–2039.

28. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the NHANES III (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Third), 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003. 163:423–436.

29. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health. 1992. 82:816–820.

30. Kong C, Nimmo L, Elatrozy T, Anyaoku V, Hughes C, Robinson S, Richmond W, Elkeles RS. Smoking is associated with increased hepatic lipase activity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2001. 156:373–378.

31. Lazarus R, Sparrow D, Weiss ST. Alcohol intake and insulin levels: The Normative Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997. 145:909–916.

32. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Poewe W, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Muggeo M, Bonora E. Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: large, prospective, cross sectional population. BMJ. 1996. 313:1040–1044.

33. Facchini F, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Light-to moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 1994. 17:115–119.

34. Freiberg MS, Vasan RS, Cabral HJ, Ellison RC, Heeren TC. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2004. 27:2954–2959.

35. Nanchahal K, Ashton WD, Wood DA. Alcohol consumption, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors and hypertension in woman. Int J Epidemiol. 2000. 29:57–64.

36. Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O'Brien PE. Alcohol consumption in the severely obese: relationship with the metabolic syndrome. Obes Res. 2002. 10:245–252.

37. Pan XP, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, Hu ZX, Lin J, Xiao JZ, Cao HB, Liu PA, Jiang XG, Jiang YY, Wang JP, Zheng H, Zhang H, Bennett PH, Howard BV. Effects of diet and exercise in prevention NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997. 20:537–544.

38. Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Mannikko N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003. 35:1279–1286.