J Periodontal Implant Sci.  2011 Dec;41(6):263-272. 10.5051/jpis.2011.41.6.263.

A comprehensive review of techniques for biofunctionalization of titanium

• Hanawa T

• KMID: 2094722
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5051/jpis.2011.41.6.263

Abstract

A number of surface modification techniques using immobilization of biofunctional molecules of Titanium (Ti) for dental implants as well as surface properties of Ti and Ti alloys have been developed. The method using passive surface oxide film on titanium takes advantage of the fact that the surface film on Ti consists mainly of amorphous or low-crystalline and non-stoichiometric TiO2. In another method, the reconstruction of passive films, calcium phosphate naturally forms on Ti and its alloys, which is characteristic of Ti. A third method uses the surface active hydroxyl group. The oxide surface immediately reacts with water molecules and hydroxyl groups are formed. The hydroxyl groups dissociate in aqueous solutions and show acidic and basic properties. Several additional methods are also possible, including surface modification techniques, immobilization of poly(ethylene glycol), and immobilization of biomolecules such as bone morphogenetic protein, peptide, collagen, hydrogel, and gelatin.

Keyword

Electroplating; Immobilization; Titanium

MeSH Terms

Alloys
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Calcium
Calcium Phosphates
Collagen
Dental Implants
Electroplating
Gelatin
Hydrogel
Imidazoles
Immobilization
Nitro Compounds
Surface Properties
Titanium
Alloys
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Calcium
Calcium Phosphates
Collagen
Dental Implants
Gelatin
Hydrogel
Imidazoles
Nitro Compounds
Titanium

Figure

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  Figure 1 Decomposition of titanium (Ti) 2p XPS spectrum obtained from titanium abraded and immersed for 300 seconds in water into eight peaks (2p3/2 and 2p1/2 electron peaks in four valences). Numbers with arrows are valence numbers.

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  Figure 2 Typical O 1s spectrum obtained from polished titanium and its de-convolution into O2-, OH-, and H2O components.

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  Figure 3 Neither calcium nor phosphate stably exists alone on titanium (Ti); stable, protective calcium phosphate is formed on Ti in biological environments. On the other hand, calcium is never incorporated on zirconium (Zr), while zirconium phosphate formed on Zr is highly stable and establishes a protective layer; therefore, no calcium reacts with the layer.

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  Figure 4 Formation process of hydroxyl group on titanium oxide (A) and dissociation of the hydroxyl group in aqueous solution and point of zero charge (pzc) (B).

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  Figure 5 History of surface treatment technique to improve hard tissue compatibility. Approaches to improving hard-tissue compatibility are categorized based on the resultant surface layer: calcium phosphate layer formation with thickness measured in micrometers and surface modified layer formation with thickness measured in nanometers. RF: radio frequency.

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  Figure 6 Chemical structure of poly(ethylene glycol).

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  Figure 7 Attraction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with positively charged terminal to cathodic Ti surface by electrodeposition.

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  Figure 8 Schematic model of the deposition manner and chemical bonding state of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) by immersion and electrodeposition. (Modified from Tanaka Y, Doi H, Iwasaki Y, Hiromoto S, Yoneyama T, Asami K, et al. Mater Sci Eng C-Biom Supramol Syst 2007;27:206-12, with permission of Elsevier) [21].

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  Figure 9 Scanning probe microscopic image of electrodeposited poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to titanium surface.

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  Figure 10 Platelet adhesion and fibrin network formation (A1) and bacterial adhesion (A2) are active on titanium (Ti), while they are inhibited on poly(ethylene glycol)-electrodeposited Ti surfaces (B1 and 2).

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  Figure 11 Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) twitter ion is electrodeposited to titanium (Ti) firstly and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) is immobilized on the PEG. (Modified from Tanaka Y, Saito H, Tsutsumi Y, Doi H, Nomura N, Imai H, et al. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009;330:138-43, with permission of Elsevier) [48].

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  Figure 12 Calcification (dark regions) by MC3T3-E1 cells are more active on Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/titanium (Ti) specimen than on RGD/Ti and Ti. Scale bar represents 5 mm.

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  Figure 13 Scanning probe microscopic image of collagen electrodeposited on titanium with an alternating potential.

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