Korean J Urol.  2014 Dec;55(12):775-779. 10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.775.

Medical and Dietary Therapy for Kidney Stone Prevention

• Gul Z
• Monga M

• KMID: 2070090
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2014.55.12.775

Abstract

The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing, and newer research is finding that stones are associated with several serious morbidities. These facts suggest that emphasis needs to be placed not only on stone treatment but also stone prevention. However, there is a relative dearth of information on dietary and medical therapies to treat and avoid nephrolithiasis. In addition, studies have shown that there are many misconceptions among both the general community and physicians about how stones should be managed. This article is meant to serve as a review of the current literature on dietary and drug therapies for stone prevention.

Keyword

Diet therapy; Drug therapy; Kidney calculi; Nephrolithiasis

MeSH Terms

Allopurinol/therapeutic use
Calcium Oxalate/analysis
Cystine/analysis
*Diet
Humans
Kidney Calculi/chemistry/*prevention & control
Potassium Citrate/therapeutic use
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Uric Acid/analysis
Urological Agents/*therapeutic use
Allopurinol
Calcium Oxalate
Cystine
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Potassium Citrate
Uric Acid
Urological Agents

Reference

1. Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS. Urologic diseases in America project. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012; 62:160–165.

2. Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol. 1996; 155:839–843.

3. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328:833–838.

4. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, Curhan G, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Matlaga BR, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014; 192:316–324.

5. Shuster J, Jenkins A, Logan C, Barnett T, Riehle R, Zackson D, et al. Soft drink consumption and urinary stone recurrence: a randomized prevention trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992; 45:911–916.

6. Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG. Quantitative assessment of citric acid in lemon juice, lime juice, and commercially-available fruit juice products. J Endourol. 2008; 22:567–570.

7. Seltzer MA, Low RK, McDonald M, Shami GS, Stoller ML. Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1996; 156:907–909.

8. Baia Lda C, Baxmann AC, Moreira SR, Holmes RP, Heilberg IP. Noncitrus alkaline fruit: a dietary alternative for the treatment of hypocitraturic stone formers. J Endourol. 2012; 26:1221–1226.

9. Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40:265–274.

10. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:497–504.

11. Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Maggiore U, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:77–84.

12. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354:669–683.

13. Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Prati B, Guerra A, Allegri F, Vezzoli G, et al. Effects of a low-salt diet on idiopathic hypercalciuria in calcium-oxalate stone formers: a 3-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 91:565–570.

14. Sakhaee K, Harvey JA, Padalino PK, Whitson P, Pak CY. The potential role of salt abuse on the risk for kidney stone formation. J Urol. 1993; 150(2 Pt 1):310–312.

15. Holmes RP, Goodman HO, Assimos DG. Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney Int. 2001; 59:270–276.

16. Curhan GC, Taylor EN. 24-h uric acid excretion and the risk of kidney stones. Kidney Int. 2008; 73:489–496.

17. Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Oxalate intake and the risk for nephrolithiasis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007; 18:2198–2204.

18. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10:840–845.

19. Ortiz-Alvarado O, Miyaoka R, Kriedberg C, Moeding A, Stessman M, Monga M. Pyridoxine and dietary counseling for the management of idiopathic hyperoxaluria in stone-forming patients. Urology. 2011; 77:1054–1058.

20. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Fatty acid intake and incident nephrolithiasis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45:267–274.

21. Ito H, Kotake T, Nomura K. Effect of ethyl icosapentate on urinary calcium excretion in calcium oxalate stone formers. Urol Int. 1995; 54:208–213.

22. Yasui T, Tanaka H, Fujita K, Iguchi M, Kohri K. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on urinary calcium excretion in calcium stone formers. Eur Urol. 2001; 39:580–585.

23. Nijenhuis T, Hoenderop JG, Loffing J, van der Kemp AW, van Os CH, Bindels RJ. Thiazide-induced hypocalciuria is accompanied by a decreased expression of Ca2+ transport proteins in kidney. Kidney Int. 2003; 64:555–564.

24. Guirguis-Blake J. Preventing recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014; 89:461–463.

25. Pak CY, Heller HJ, Pearle MS, Odvina CV, Poindexter JR, Peterson RD. Prevention of stone formation and bone loss in absorptive hypercalciuria by combined dietary and pharmacological interventions. J Urol. 2003; 169:465–469.

26. Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CY. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1993; 150:1761–1764.

27. Robinson MR, Leitao VA, Haleblian GE, Scales CD Jr, Chandrashekar A, Pierre SA, et al. Impact of long-term potassium citrate therapy on urinary profiles and recurrent stone formation. J Urol. 2009; 181:1145–1150.

28. Fellstrom B, Danielson BG, Karlstrom B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S, Vessby B, et al. Effects of high intake of dietary animal protein on mineral metabolism and urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate in renal stone formers. Br J Urol. 1984; 56:263–269.

29. Best S, Tracy C, Bagrodia A, Poindexter J, Adams-Huet B, Sakhaee K, et al. Effect of various animal protein sources on urinary stone risk factors [Internet]. Linthicum, MD: American Urological Association;c2014. cited 2014 Nov 24. Available from: https://www.auanet.org/university/abstract_detail.cfm?id=2147&meetingID=11WAS.

30. Reiser S, Powell AS, Scholfield DJ, Panda P, Ellwood KC, Canary JJ. Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 49:832–839.

31. Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Sinnott B. Clinical review. Kidney stones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97:1847–1860.

32. Barbey F, Joly D, Rieu P, Mejean A, Daudon M, Jungers P. Medical treatment of cystinuria: critical reappraisal of long-term results. J Urol. 2000; 163:1419–1423.

33. Jaeger P, Portmann L, Saunders A, Rosenberg LE, Thier SO. Anticystinuric effects of glutamine and of dietary sodium restriction. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315:1120–1123.

34. Rodríguez LM, Santos F, Malaga S, Martinez V. Effect of a low sodium diet on urinary elimination of cystine in cystinuric children. Nephron. 1995; 71:416–418.

35. Rodman JS, Blackburn P, Williams JJ, Brown A, Pospischil MA, Peterson CM. The effect of dietary protein on cystine excretion in patients with cystinuria. Clin Nephrol. 1984; 22:273–278.

36. Saravakos P, Kokkinou V, Giannatos E. Cystinuria: current diagnosis and management. Urology. 2014; 83:693–699.

37. Williams JJ, Rodman JS, Peterson CM. A randomized double-blind study of acetohydroxamic acid in struvite nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 1984; 311:760–764.

38. Griffith DP, Gleeson MJ, Lee H, Longuet R, Deman E, Earle N. Randomized, double-blind trial of Lithostat (acetohydroxamic acid) in the palliative treatment of infection-induced urinary calculi. Eur Urol. 1991; 20:243–247.

39. Rodman JS, Williams JJ, Jones RL. Hypercoagulability produced by treatment with acetohydroxamic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987; 42:346–350.