Clin Nutr Res.  2015 Jul;4(3):137-152. 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.3.137.

Nutritional Management of Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

• Han H
• Segal AM
• Seifter JL
• Dwyer JT

• KMID: 2148623
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2015.4.3.137

Abstract

The incidence of kidney stones is common in the United States and treatments for them are very costly. This review article provides information about epidemiology, mechanism, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of kidney stone formation, and methods for the evaluation of stone risks for new and follow-up patients. Adequate evaluation and management can prevent recurrence of stones. Kidney stone prevention should be individualized in both its medical and dietary management, keeping in mind the specific risks involved for each type of stones. Recognition of these risk factors and development of long-term management strategies for dealing with them are the most effective ways to prevent recurrence of kidney stones.

Keyword

Nephrolithiasis; Calcium oxalate; Uric acid stone; Hypercalciuria; Hyperoxaluria; Risk factors for kidney stones; Prevention of kidney stone

MeSH Terms

Calcium Oxalate
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Humans
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria
Incidence
Kidney Calculi*
Kidney*
Nephrolithiasis
Recurrence
Risk Factors
United States
Calcium Oxalate

Figure

• 

  Figure 1 Type of stones. Light microscopy of urine crystals. (A) Hexagonal cystine crystal (200X); (B) coffin-lid shaped struvite crystals (200X); (C) pyramid-shaped calcium oxalate dehydrate crystals (200X); (D) dumbbell-shaped calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal (400X); (E) rectangular uric acid crystals (400X); and (F) rhomboidal uric acid crystals (400X). Reprinted with permission by Elsevier and reference [12].

• 

  Figure 2 Model of idiopathic hypercalciuria.

• 

  Figure 3 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

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