Chonnam Med J.  2014 Apr;50(1):1-5. 10.4068/cmj.2014.50.1.1.

The Apical Junctional Complex in Respiratory Diseases

• Jang AS

• KMID: 1889755
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4068/cmj.2014.50.1.1

Abstract

The epithelium, including the respiratory system, acts as a selective gate between the outside environment and underlying tissue. Epithelial cells are polarized due to the formation of the apical junctional complex, which includes adherent junctions and tight junctions. Endothelial cells are one of the most important cellular constituents of blood vessels. Endothelial junctional proteins play important roles in tissue integrity as well as in vascular permeability, leukocyte extravasation, and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the apical junctional complex in respiratory diseases.

Keyword

Epithelium; Permeability; Tight junctions

MeSH Terms

Blood Vessels
Capillary Permeability
Endothelial Cells
Epithelial Cells
Epithelium
Leukocytes
Permeability
Respiratory System
Tight Junctions

Figure

• 

  FIG. 1 Apical junctional complexes. The AJC includes adherent junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs).

• 

  FIG. 2 Acrolein can induce acute lung injury through changes in claudin 5 expression. (A) Endothelial barrier integrity. (B) Acute changes in permeability. (C) Loss of endothelial cell-cell junctions.

Reference

1. Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M. Multifunctional strands in tight junctions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001; 2:285–293.

2. Dejana E. Endothelial cell-cell junctions: happy together. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 5:261–270.

3. Wallez Y, Huber P. Endothelial adherens and tight junctions in vascular homeostasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008; 1778:794–809.

4. Miyoshi J, Takai Y. Molecular perspective on tight-junction assembly and epithelial polarity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005; 57:815–855.

5. Matter K, Balda MS. Signalling to and from tight junctions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003; 4:225–236.

6. Braga VM. Cell-cell adhesion and signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2002; 14:546–556.

7. Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR. Cadherin-mediated cellular signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003; 15:509–514.

8. Bazzoni G, Dejana E, Lampugnani MG. Endothelial adhesion molecules in the development of the vascular tree: the garden of forking paths. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999; 11:573–581.

9. Gumbiner BM. Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell. 1996; 84:345–357.

10. Takeichi M. Morphogenetic roles of classic cadherins. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1995; 7:619–627.

11. Stevens T, Garcia JG, Shasby DM, Bhattacharya J, Malik AB. Mechanisms regulating endothelial cell barrier function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000; 279:L419–L422.

12. Bienz M, Clevers H. Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. Cell. 2000; 103:311–320.

13. Stevenson BR, Siliciano JD, Mooseker MS, Goodenough DA. Identification of ZO-1: a high molecular weight polypeptide associated with the tight junction (zonula occludens) in a variety of epithelia. J Cell Biol. 1986; 103:755–766.

14. Fanning AS, Anderson JM. Protein modules as organizers of membrane structure. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1999; 11:432–439.

15. Iden S, Rehder D, August B, Suzuki A, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Wolburg H, et al. A distinct PAR complex associates physically with VE-cadherin in vertebrate endothelial cells. EMBO Rep. 2006; 7:1239–1246.

16. Mullin JM, Agostino N, Rendon-Huerta E, Thornton JJ. Keynote review: epithelial and endothelial barriers in human disease. Drug Discov Today. 2005; 10:395–408.

17. Landau D. Epithelial paracellular proteins in health and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2006; 15:425–429.

18. Furuse M, Hirase T, Itoh M, Nagafuchi A, Yonemura S, Tsukita S, et al. Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions. J Cell Biol. 1993; 123:1777–1788.

19. Van Itallie CM, Anderson JM. Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport. Annu Rev Physiol. 2006; 68:403–429.

20. Ebnet K, Suzuki A, Horikoshi Y, Hirose T, Meyer Zu Brickwedde MK, Ohno S, et al. The cell polarity protein ASIP/PAR-3 directly associates with junctional adhesion molecule (JAM). EMBO J. 2001; 20:3738–3748.

21. Wegmann F, Ebnet K, Du Pasquier L, Vestweber D, Butz S. Endothelial adhesion molecule ESAM binds directly to the multidomain adaptor MAGI-1 and recruits it to cell contacts. Exp Cell Res. 2004; 300:121–133.

22. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Taylor GW, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, et al. The transmembrane protein occludin of epithelial tight junctions is a functional target for serine peptidases from faecal pellets of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001; 31:279–294.

23. Grumbach Y, Quynh NV, Chiron R, Urbach V. LXA4 stimulates ZO-1 expression and transepithelial electrical resistance in human airway epithelial (16HBE14o-) cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009; 296:L101–L108.

24. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, Cannell MB, et al. Quantitative structural and biochemical analyses of tight junction dynamics following exposure of epithelial cells to house dust mite allergen Der p 1. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000; 30:685–698.

25. de Boer WI, Sharma HS, Baelemans SM, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN, Braunstahl GJ. Altered expression of epithelial junctional proteins in atopic asthma: possible role in inflammation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 86:105–112.

26. Runswick S, Mitchell T, Davies P, Robinson C, Garrod DR. Pollen proteolytic enzymes degrade tight junctions. Respirology. 2007; 12:834–842.

27. Koval M. Tight junctions, but not too tight: fine control of lung permeability by claudins. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009; 297:L217–L218.

28. Van Itallie C, Rahner C, Anderson JM. Regulated expression of claudin-4 decreases paracellular conductance through a selective decrease in sodium permeability. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107:1319–1327.

29. Wray C, Mao Y, Pan J, Chandrasena A, Piasta F, Frank JA. Claudin-4 augments alveolar epithelial barrier function and is induced in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009; 297:L219–L227.

30. Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Soini Y. Claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 in usual interstitial pneumonia and sarcoidosis. J Histochem Cytochem. 2009; 57:187–195.

31. Nitta T, Hata M, Gotoh S, Seo Y, Sasaki H, Hashimoto N, et al. Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5-deficient mice. J Cell Biol. 2003; 161:653–660.

32. Coyne CB, Gambling TM, Boucher RC, Carson JL, Johnson LG. Role of claudin interactions in airway tight junctional permeability. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003; 285:L1166–L1178.

33. Soma T, Chiba H, Kato-Mori Y, Wada T, Yamashita T, Kojima T, et al. Thr(207) of claudin-5 is involved in size-selective loosening of the endothelial barrier by cyclic AMP. Exp Cell Res. 2004; 300:202–212.

34. Jang AS, Concel VJ, Bein K, Brant KA, Liu S, Pope-Varsalona H, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and claudin 5 regulation during acrolein-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011; 44:483–490.

35. Ivanov AI, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Endocytosis of epithelial apical junctional proteins by a clathrin-mediated pathway into a unique storage compartment. Mol Biol Cell. 2004; 15:176–188.

36. Kumar TR, Soppimath K, Nachaegari SK. Novel delivery technologies for protein and peptide therapeutics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2006; 7:261–276.

37. Romeo VD, deMeireles JC, Gries WJ, Xia WJ, Sileno AP, Pimplaskar HK, et al. Optimization of systemic nasal drug delivery with pharmaceutical excipients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998; 29:117–133.