Epidemiol Health.  2025;47(1):e2025006. 10.4178/epih.e2025006.

Risk of non-cancer respiratory diseases attributed to humidifier disinfectant exposure in Koreans: age-period-cohort and differences-in-difference analyses

• Kim J
• Jeong KS
• Heo S
• Kim Y
• Lim J
• Yu S
• Kim S
• Shin SK
• Cheong HK
• Ha M
• Epidemiology Expert Committee for Reviewing the Epidemiological Correlations between Humidifier Disinfectant Exposure and Health Effects

• KMID: 2567687
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025006

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were sold in Korea from 1994 until their recall in 2011. We examined the incidence patterns of 8 respiratory diseases before and after the HD recall and estimated the attributable risk in the Korean population.
METHODS
Using National Health Insurance data from 2002 to 2019, we performed age–cohort–period and differences-in-diffference analyses (comparing periods before vs. after the recall) to estimate the population-attributable fraction and the excess number of episodes. The database comprised 51 million individuals (99% of the Korean population). The incidence of 8 diseases—acute upper respiratory infection (AURI), acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), asthma, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis (CS), interstitial lung disease (ILD), bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—was defined by constructing episodes of care based on patterns of medical care and the clinical characteristics of each disease.
RESULTS
The relative risks (RRs) for AURI, ALRI, asthma, pneumonia, CS, and ILD were elevated among younger individuals (with an RR as high as 82.18 for AURI in males), whereas chronic conditions such as bronchiectasis, COPD, and ILD showed higher RRs in older individuals. During the HD exposure period, the population-attributable risk percentage ranged from 4.6% for bronchiectasis to 25.1% for pneumonia, with the excess number of episodes ranging from 6,218 for ILD to 3,058,861 for CS. Notably, females of reproductive age (19-44 years) experienced 1.1-9.2 times more excess episodes than males.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides epidemiological evidence that inhalation exposure to HDs affects the entire respiratory tract and identifies vulnerable groups.

Keyword

Humidifier disinfectants; Respiratory diseases; Population attributable risk fraction