Clin Mol Hepatol.
2025 Apr;31(2):525-547. 10.3350/cmh.2024.0835.
Global epidemiology of alcohol-related liver disease, liver cancer, and alcohol use disorder, 2000–2021
- Danpanichkul P
1 - Díaz LA2,3,4,5
- Suparan K6
- Tothanarungroj P7
- Sirimangklanurak S7
- Auttapracha T7
- Blaney HL8
- Sukphutanan B7,9
- Pang Y6,10,11,12
- Kongarin S7
- Idalsoaga F4
- Fuentes-López E13
- Leggio L14
- Noureddin M15
- White TM16,17
- Louvet A18
- Mathurin P18
- Loomba R2
- Kamath PS19
- Rehm J20,21,22,2
- Lazarus JV5,16,17,25
- Wijarnpreecha K26,27,28
- Arab JP3,4,5,29
- Affiliations
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- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- 2MASLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- 3Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 4Observatorio Multicéntrico de Enfermedades Gastrointestinales (OMEGA), Santiago, Chile
- 5The Global NASH Council, Washington, DC, USA
- 6Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- 77 Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- 8Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 9Lerdsin Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- 10Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- 11National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicines,Baise, Guangxi, China
- 12Center for Medical Laboratory Science, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
- 13Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 14Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 15Houston Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- 16Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 17CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (CUNY SPH), New York, NY, USA
- 18Université Lille, CHU de Lille, Service des maladies de l’appareil digestif, Hôpital Huriez, INFINITE-U1286, Lille, France
- 19Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- 20Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 21Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 22Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 23Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 24Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- 25Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- 26Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- 27Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- 28BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- 29Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- KMID: 2566974
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0835
Abstract
- Background/Aims
Alcohol represents a leading burden of disease worldwide, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). We aim to assess the global burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer between 2000–2021.
Methods
We registered the global and regional trends of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-related liver cancer using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study, the largest and most up-to-date global epidemiology database. We estimated the annual percent change (APC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess changes in age-standardized rates over time.
Results
In 2021, there were 111.12 million cases of AUD, 3.02 million cases of ALD, and 132,030 cases of alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer. Between 2000 and 2021, there was a 14.66% increase in AUD, a 38.68% increase in ALD, and a 94.12% increase in alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer prevalence. While the age-standardized prevalence rate for liver cancer from alcohol increased (APC 0.59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52 to 0.67%) over these years, it decreased for ALD (APC –0.71%; 95% CI –0.75 to –0.67%) and AUD (APC –0.90%; 95% CI –0.94 to –0.86%). There was significant variation by region, socioeconomic development level, and sex. During the last years (2019–2021), the prevalence, incidence, and death of ALD increased to a greater extent in females.
Conclusions
Given the high burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer, urgent measures are needed to prevent them at both global and national levels.
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