Ann Geriatr Med Res.  2025 Mar;29(1):1-14. 10.4235/agmr.24.0113.

Relationship between Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength with Bone Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

• Riviati N
• Darma S
• Reagan M
• Iman MB
• Syafira F
• Indra B

• KMID: 2566101
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.24.0113

Abstract

Background
Understanding the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults is crucial for addressing age-related conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength with bone density in older adults.
Methods
This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, involved a comprehensive search across seven databases from 2014 to April 2024. Included were observational studies in English and Indonesian on adults aged 60 and older. The Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool assessed the risk of bias, and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) framework evaluated the evidence quality. Study selection was independently reviewed, and consensus was reached through discussion.
Results
Ten studies were included. For muscle mass and bone density, five studies showed a significant association, while four did not. For muscle strength and bone density, four of seven studies reported a significant association. However, the evidence quality was low due to inconsistency.
Conclusion
The relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults shows variability and inconsistent evidence.

Keyword

Muscle mass; Muscle strength; Bone density; Older adults; Systematic review