Dement Neurocogn Disord.  2025 Jan;24(1):44-53. 10.12779/dnd.2025.24.1.44.

Tracking Cognitive Trajectories in Mild Cognitive Impairment Using a Machine Learning Technique of Subtype and Stage Inference

• Ryu HJ
• Kwon KJ
• Moon Y

• KMID: 2565081
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2025.24.1.44

Abstract

Background and Purpose
Recognizing cognitive decline patterns in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is crucial for early screening and preventive interventions. However, studies on the trajectory of individual cognitive functions in MCI are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify subtypes and stages of cognitive decline in MCI using a machine learning method.
Methods
A total of 944 subjects consisting of those who were cognitively normal and those with MCI were enrolled. Fifteen neuropsychological tasks were used in the analysis. The optimal number of subtypes was determined based on the cross-validation information criterion. Fifteen stages of cognitive trajectory were estimated for each subtype.
Results
The following three subtypes were identified: amnestic-verbal subtype, dysexecutive subtype, and amnestic-visual subtype. Of 723 (76.6%) subjects who had reached stage 1 at least, amnestic-verbal subtype accounted for the most (n=340, 47.0%), followed by dysexecutive subtype (n=253, 35.0%) and amnestic-visual subtype (n=130, 18%). The amnestic-verbal subtype had significantly more males (amnestic-verbal: 41.8%, dysexecutive: 31.2%, and amnestic-visual: 28.5%), younger subjects (amnestic-verbal: 72.01 years, dysexecutive: 74.43 years, and amnestic-visual: 75.06 years), higher educational years (amnestic-verbal: 11.06 years, dysexecutive: 9.53 years, and amnestic-visual: 9.79 years), lower Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes (amnestic-verbal: 1.40, dysexecutive: 1.61, and amnestic-visual: 1.71), and lower Korean-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living score (amnestic-verbal: 0.20, dysexecutive: 0.27, and amnestic-visual: 0.26).
Conclusions
Three types of MCIs were extracted using SuStaIn. Pathways of MCI deterioration could be different. The amnestic type could be bisected based on whether episodic verbal or visual memory is degraded first.

Keyword

Neuropsychology; Neurocognitive disorders; Mild Cognitive Impairment; Mental Status and Dementia Tests; Cognition