Nutr Res Pract.  2024 Aug;18(4):464-478. 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.4.464.

Protective effect of Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz against chronic ethanol-induced cognitive impairment in vivo

• Kim J
• Choi JM
• Kim JH
• Pang QQ
• Oh JM
• Kim JH
• Kim HY
• Cho EJ

• KMID: 2558486
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2024.18.4.464

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Chronic alcohol consumption causes oxidative stress in the body, which may accumulate excessively and cause a decline in memory; problem-solving, learning, and exercise abilities; and permanent damage to brain structure and function. Consequently, chronic alcohol consumption can cause alcohol-related diseases.
MATERIALS/METHODS
In this study, the protective effects of Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz (PE) against alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment were evaluated using a mouse model. Alcohol (16%, 5 g/kg/day for 6 weeks) and PE (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day for 21 days) were administered intragastrically to mice.
RESULTS
PE showed a protective effect against memory deficits and cognitive dysfunction caused by alcohol consumption, confirmed through behavioral tests such as the T-maze, object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Additionally, PE attenuated oxidative stress by reducing lipid oxidation, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species levels in the mice’s brains, livers, and kidneys. Improvement of neurotrophic factors and downregulation of apoptosis-related proteins were confirmed in the brains of mice fed low and medium concentrations of PE. Additionally, expression of antioxidant enzyme-related proteins GPx-1 and SOD-1 was enhanced in the liver of PE-treated mice, related to their inhibitory effect on oxidative stress.
CONCLUSION
This suggests that PE has both neuroregenerative and antioxidant effects. Collectively, these behavioral and histological results confirmed that PE could improve alcohol-induced cognitive deficits through brain neurotrophic and apoptosis protection and modulation of oxidative stress.

Keyword

Alcohol consumption; cognitive impairment; oxidative stress

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Experimental schedule of PE.A behavioral experiment was conducted on the mice eight days before the end of the experiment.PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.

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  Fig. 2 Effect of PE on the T-maze test in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.*Space perceptive abilities for old and new routes were significantly different, as determined by Student’s t-test (P < 0.05).a,bMeans with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05), according to Duncan’s multiple range test.

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  Fig. 3 Effect of PE on novel object recognition test in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.*Significant differences in cognitive ability between familiar and novel objects were determined using the Student’s t-test (P < 0.05).a,bMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 4 Effect of PE on Morris water maze test in alcohol-induced mouse.(A) Escape latency to the hidden platform, (B) path tracing of each group to reach the hidden platform, (C) occupancy time of target quadrant, and (D) latency to exposed platform.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.a,bMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05). NS indicates that there is no significant difference (P < 0.05) among groups by Duncan’s multiple range test.

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  Fig. 5 Effect of PE on ROS in (A) brain, (B) liver, and (C) kidney in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; ROS, reactive oxygen species.a-dMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 6 Effect of PE on lipid peroxidation in (A) brain, (B) liver, and (C) kidney in alcohol-induced mouseValues are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; MDA, malondialdehyde.a-cMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 7 Effect of PE on NO production in (A) brain, (B) liver, and (C) kidney in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; NO, nitric oxide.a-cMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 8 Effect of PE on BDNF protein expression in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.a-dMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 9 Effect of PE on apoptosis-related protein expression in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein.a-eMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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  Fig. 10 Effect of PE on oxidative stress-related protein expression in alcohol-induced mouse.Values are mean ± SD.The mice were divided into 5 groups (each group comprised 9 mice): Normal = water; Control = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day); PE100 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (100 mg/kg/day); PE250 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (250 mg/kg/day); PE500 = 16% alcohol (5 g/kg/day) + PE (500 mg/kg/day).PE, Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz; GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase 1; SOD-1, superoxide dismutase 1; CAT, catalase.a-eMeans with different letters on the bars are significantly different, according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).

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