Psychiatry Investig.  2024 Feb;21(2):174-180. 10.30773/pi.2023.0142.

Temperament Clusters in Patients With Panic Disorder in Relation to Character Maturity

• Kim S
• Hong S
• Park DH
• Ryu SH
• Ha JH
• Jeon HJ

• KMID: 2552818
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2023.0142

Abstract

Objective
This study explored whether temperament profiles are associated with psychological functioning and whether character maturity affects this association in patients with panic disorders (PD).
Methods
A total of 270 patients with PD were enrolled in this study. Measurements included the Temperament and Character Inventory-revised-short (TCI-RS), a self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Cluster analysis was used to define the patients’ temperament profiles, and the differences in discrete variables among temperament clusters were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. An analysis of covariance was conducted to control for the impact of character maturity on psychological functioning among clusters.
Results
We identified four temperament clusters of patients with PD. Significant differences in the PDSS-SR, BDI-II, STAI-state, and STAI-trait scores among the four clusters were detected [F(3, 262)=9.16, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=33.78, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=19.12, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=39.46, p<0.001]. However, after controlling for the effect of character maturity, the effect of cluster type was either eliminated or reduced ([STAI-state] cluster type: F(3, 262)=0.94, p>0.05; SD+CO: F(1, 262)=65.95, p<0.001, η_p² =0.20).
Conclusion
This study enabled a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of patients by exploring the configuration of all temperament dimensions together rather than each temperament separately. Furthermore, we revealed that depending on the degree of character maturity, the psychological functioning might differ even within the same temperament cluster. These results imply that character maturity can complement inherently vulnerable temperament expression.

Keyword

Panic disorder; Temperament; Character maturity; TCI; Cluster analysis