Restor Dent Endod.  2023 Feb;48(1):e3. 10.5395/rde.2023.48.e3.

Physicochemical properties of a calcium aluminate cement containing nanoparticles of zinc oxide

• Rosa AFd
• Amaral TS
• Dotto MEP
• Goulart TS
• Rossetto HL
• Bortoluzzi EA
• Teixeira CdS
• Garcia LdFR

• KMID: 2548171
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e3

Abstract

Objectives
This study evaluated the effect of different nanoparticulated zinc oxide (nanoZnO) and conventional-ZnO ratios on the physicochemical properties of calcium aluminate cement (CAC).
Materials and Methods
The conventional-ZnO and nano-ZnO were added to the cement powder in the following proportions: G1 (20% conventional-ZnO), G2 (15% conventionalZnO + 5% nano-ZnO), G3 (12% conventional-ZnO + 3% nano-ZnO) and G4 (10% conventional-ZnO + 5% nano-ZnO). The radiopacity (R_ad ), setting time (S_et ), dimensional change (D_c ), solubility (S_ol ), compressive strength (C_st ), and pH were evaluated. The nanoZnO and CAC containing conventional-ZnO were also assessed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Radiopacity data were analyzed by the 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni tests (p < 0.05). The data of the other properties were analyzed by the ANOVA, Tukey, and Fisher tests (p < 0.05).
Results
The nano-ZnO and CAC containing conventional-ZnO powders presented particles with few impurities and nanometric and micrometric sizes, respectively. G1 had the highest R ad mean value (p < 0.05). When compared to G1, groups containing nano-ZnO had a significant reduction in the S et (p < 0.05) and lower values of D c at 24 hours (p < 0.05). The C st was higher for G4, with a significant difference for the other groups (p < 0.05). The S ol did not present significant differences among groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
The addition of nano-ZnO to CAC improved its dimensional change, setting time, and compressive strength, which may be promising for the clinical performance of this cement.

Keyword

Dental cements; Nanoparticles; Physical and chemical properties; Zinc oxide

Figure

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  Figure 1 Micrographic images obtained under SEM at ×3,000) (A); and TEM at ×100,000 (B) and at ×250,000 (C) of nano-ZnO powder. It was possible to observe under SEM the cauliflower-like granules aspect of the nano-ZnO (A). Under TEM, spherical particles with irregular shape and agglomerated areas were observed (B). Image (C) with a higher magnification of the highlighted area in (B). Note the presence of particles with a nanometric size (diameter average between 30–90 nm) (C). EDS spectrum (D-F) resulting from the nano-ZnO powder analysis at the points marked with stars in (A): point 1 (D), point 2 (E), point 3 (F). The EDS analysis found the presence of main components, oxygen (82.3% in weight) and zinc (15% in weight), but also the presence of some impurities, such as carbon, beryllium, and silicon.SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; nano-ZnO, nanoparticulated zinc oxide; EDS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

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  Figure 2 Micrographic images obtained under SEM at ×3,000 (A) and TEM at ×100,000 (B) and ×600,000 (C) of calcium aluminate cement powder containing conventional-ZnO. Note (SEM image) the dense and granular aspect of the cement powder (A). Under TEM, particles with micrometric size and rectangular shape were also noted (B). Greater magnification (C) of the highlighted area in (B). Observe particles with an average size between 0.15–0.6 µm (C). EDS spectrum (D-F) resulting from the material analysis at the points marked with stars in (A): point 1 (D), point 2 (E), point 3 (F). The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of aluminum, calcium, and chlorine (main components of calcium aluminate); oxygen and zinc (components of ZnO used as a radiopacifier); and the presence of carbon and zirconia (impurities).SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; nano-ZnO, nanoparticulated zinc oxide; EDS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

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  Figure 3 Mean values of radiopacity expressed in aluminum thickness (mmAl) for each experimental group. Different lowercase letters over bars represent statistically significant differences among groups. (One-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni’s test, α = 0.05).

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