1. Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020; 141:e139–596.
2. Smith SC Jr. Multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2007; 120(3 Suppl 1):S3–11.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: avoidable deaths from heart disease, stroke, and hypertensive disease: United States, 2001-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013; 62:721–7.
4. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019; 140:e563–95.
5. Visseren FL, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Back M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 29:5–115.
6. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020; 91:157–60.
7. Knell G, Robertson MC, Dooley EE, Burford K, Mendez KS. Health behavior changes during COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent “stay-at-home” orders. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17:6268.
8. Flanagan EW, Beyl RA, Fearnbach SN, Altazan AD, Martin CK, Redman LM. The impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on health behaviors in adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021; 29:438–45.
9. Jin J, Lee SW, Lee WK, Jeon JH, Kim JG, Lee IK, et al. Year-long trend in glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021; 36:1142–6.
10. Hawkley LC, Capitanio JP. Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015; 370:20140114.
11. Kishimoto M, Ishikawa T, Odawara M. Behavioral changes in patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetol Int. 2020; 12:241–5.
12. Caroppo E, Mazza M, Sannella A, Marano G, Avallone C, Claro AE, et al. Will nothing be the same again?: changes in lifestyle during COVID-19 pandemic and consequences on mental health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18:8433.
13. Lopez-Moreno M, Lopez MT, Miguel M, Garces-Rimon M. Physical and psychological effects related to food habits and lifestyle changes derived from Covid-19 home confinement in the Spanish population. Nutrients. 2020; 12:3445.
14. Kim E, Jung CH, Kim DJ, Ko SH, Lee HY, Lee KY, et al. Changes in cardiovascular-related health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2023; 5:15–23.
15. Schafer AA, Santos LP, Quadra MR, Dumith SC, Meller FO. Alcohol consumption and smoking during Covid-19 pandemic: association with sociodemographic, behavioral, and mental health characteristics. J Community Health. 2022; 47:588–97.
16. Koopmann A, Georgiadou E, Reinhard I, Muller A, Lemenager T, Kiefer F, et al. The effects of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol and tobacco consumption behavior in Germany. Eur Addict Res. 2021; 27:242–56.
17. Papageorge NW, Zahn MV, Belot M, van den Broek-Altenburg E, Choi S, Jamison JC, et al. Socio-demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Popul Econ. 2021; 34:691–738.