J Clin Neurol.  2023 May;19(3):217-229. 10.3988/jcn.2022.0208.

Current Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Sclerosis for the General Neurologist

• Baskaran AB
• Grebenciucova E
• Shoemaker T
• Graham EL

• KMID: 2542070
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2022.0208

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-driven disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by acute-on-chronic demyelination attacks. It is a major cause of global neurological disability, and its prevalence has increased in the United States. Conceptual understandings of MS have evolved over time, including the identification of B cells as key factors in its pathophysiology. The foundation of MS management involves preventing flares so as to avoid long-term functional decline. Treatments may be categorized into low-, middle-, and high-efficacy medications based on their efficacy in relapse prevention. With 24 FDAapproved treatments for MS, individual therapy is chosen based on distinct mechanisms and potential side effects. This review provides a detailed update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment advances, and major ongoing research investigations in MS.

Keyword

multiple sclerosis; review; neuroimmunology; autoimmune neurology