Korean J Orthod.  2023 Jan;53(1):3-15. 10.4041/kjod22.155.

Associations between body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) with the dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC) and other BDD risk factors in orthodontic patients: A preliminary study

• Sobouti F
• Elyasi F
• Navaei RA
• Rayatnia F
• Kalantari NR
• Dadgar S
• Rakhshan V

• KMID: 2538709
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.155

Abstract

Objective
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder that may be negatively associated with the self-image. It might be associated with orthodontic treatment demand and outcome, and therefore is important. Thus, this study was conducted.
Methods
The Yale-Brown ObsessiveCompulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS) questionnaire was used in 699 orthodontic patients above 12 years of age (222 males, 477 females), at seven clinics in two cities (2020–2021). BDD diagnosis and severity were calculated based on the first 3 items and all 12 items of the questionnaire. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC) was assessed by orthodontists. Multivariable and bivariable statistical analyses were performed on ordinal and dichotomized BDD diagnoses to assess potentially associated factors (IOTN-DHC, age, sex, marital status, education level, and previous orthodontic consultation) (α = 0.05).
Results
IOTN-DHC scores 1–5 were seen in 13.0%, 39.9%, 29.8%, 12.4%, and 4.9% of patients. Age/sex/ marital status/education were not associated with IOTN-DHC (p > 0.05). Based on 3-item questionnaire, 17.02% of patients had BDD (14.02% mild). Based on 12-item questionnaire, 2.86% had BDD. BDD was more prevalent or severer in females, married patients, patients with a previous history of orthodontic consultation, and patients with milder IOTN-DHCs (p< 0.05).
Conclusions
IOTNDHC was negatively/slightly associated with BDD in orthodontic patients. Being female and married may increase BDD risk.

Keyword

Body dysmorphic disorder; Dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC); Psychology; Orthodontic index

Figure

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  Figure 1 A bar chart showing the percentages of different IOTN scores in females (n = 477), males (n = 222), and the total population (n = 699). IOTN, index of orthodontic treatment need.

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  Figure 2 A bar chart showing the percentages of different “overall” BDD scores (calculated by summing up scores of the 12 questions) in females (n = 477), males (n = 222), and the total population (n = 699). BDD, body dysmorphic disorder; M-M BDD, mild-to-moderate BDD; Mod, moderate BDD.

• 

  Figure 3 A bar chart showing the percentages of different “3-item” BDD scores (calculated by summing up scores of the first 3 items) in females (n = 477), males (n = 222), and the total population (n = 699). BDD, body dysmorphic disorder; M-M BDD, mild-to-moderate BDD; Mod BDD, moderate BDD; M-S BDD, moderate to severe BDD; S-ES BDD, severe to extremely severe BDD.

• 

  Figure 4 Box plots showing “overall 12-item” BDD scores at each assessed age. Circles and stars respectively mark outliers and extreme values. BDD, body dysmorphic disorder.

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