Prog Med Phys.  2022 Jun;33(2):11-24. 10.14316/pmp.2022.33.2.11.

Halide Perovskites for X‑ray Detection: The Future of Diagnostic Imaging

• Jeon NJ
• Cho JM
• Lee JK

• KMID: 2531776
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2022.33.2.11

Abstract

X-ray detection has widely been applied in medical diagnostics, security screening, nondestructive testing in the industry, etc. Medical X-ray imaging procedures require digital flat detectors operating with low doses to reduce radiation health risks. Recently, metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have shown great potential in high-performance X-ray detection because of their attractive properties, such as strong X-ray absorption, high mobility–lifetime product, tunable bandgap, lowtemperature fabrication, near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields, and fast photoresponse. In this paper, we review and introduce the development status of new perovskite X-ray detectors and imaging, which have emerged as a new promising high-sensitivity X-ray detection technology. We discuss the latest progress and future perspective of MHP-based X-ray detection in medical imaging. Finally, we compare the conventional detection methods with quantum-enhanced detection, pointing out the challenges and perspectives for future research directions toward perovskite-based X-ray applications.

Keyword

Perovskite; X-ray; Quantum; Photoluminescence; Scintallation

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Operation principles of direct conversion X-ray detectors. (a) A pulse-mode detector and (b) a current-mode detector. Reused from the article of Zhou et al. (ACS Energy Lett 2021;6:739−768) [3] with original copyright holder’s permission.

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  Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of the scintillation process in inorganic scintillators. Reused from the article of Zhou et al. (ACS Energy Lett 2021;6:739−768) [3] with original copyright holder’s permission.

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  Fig. 3 Left: ABX3 perovskite structure. Right: The same perovskite structure seen from different angle. Left: Reused from the article of Chen et al. (RSC Adv 2018;8:10489-10508) [14] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.

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  Fig. 4 Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of the XEL measured for samples 1−12, which are (1) CsPbCl3, (2) CsPbCl2Br, (3) CsPbCl1.5Br1.5, (4) CsPbClBr2, (5) CsPbCl2.5Br0.5, (6) CsPbBr3, (7) CsPbBr2I, (8) CsPbBr1.8I1.2, (9) CsPbBr1.5I1.5, (10) CsPbBr1.2I1.8, (11) CsPbBrI2, and (12) CsPbI3. Reused from the article of Zhou et al. (ACS Energy Lett 2021;6:739−768) [3] with original copyright holder’s permission.

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  Fig. 5 Sensitivity vs. X-ray voltage per µm when using the direct perovskite X-ray structure. The open squares indicate halide perovskites.

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  Fig. 6 Schematic representations showing the connectivity of BX6 octahedra in different dimensionalities (3D, 2D, 1D, and 0D) at the molecular levels. D, dimensional. Reused from Zhou et al. (Mater Sci Eng R Rep 2020;141:100548) [17] with original copyright holder’s permission.

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  Fig. 7 Schematic representation of the mechanism of PL excitation, energy transfer, and PL emission in Mn2+-doped material. The orange lines represent the energy level diagram of the Mn2+ ion in a free-ion state (right) and tetrahedrally coordinated environment (left) in a supertetrahedral nanocluster. The dotted arrows indicate nonradiative transitions. PL, photoluminescence. Reprinted with permission from Lin et al. (J Am Chem Soc 2014;136:4769-4779) [24]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.

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  Fig. 8 Scheme of the experimental setup. The purple beam indicates the pump beam; the green beams are the signal and idler beams; and the red beams represent the noise. The object has three slits. The detectors are Si detectors. Reused from Sofer et al. (Phys Rev X 2019;9:031033) [11].

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  Fig. 9 Reconstruction of the image of the triple-slit object by (a) quantum radiation, (b) classical radiation, and (c) classical coincidence counting. The average number of counts is comparable among the panels. In each of the panels, the horizontal axis represents the relative position of the object, and the vertical axis represents the number of events that are detected by the detection system. Reused from Sofer et al. (Phys Rev X 2019;9:031033) [11].

Reference

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