J Breast Cancer.
2022 Jun;25(3):207-217. 10.4048/jbc.2022.25.e21.
Disparities in Access to Systemic Treatment for Breast Cancer in Thailand and Major Asian Territories
- Ithimakin S
1 - Parinyanitikul N2
- Kim SB3
- Yap YS4
- Tsang J5
- Soong IS6
- Ozaki Y7
- Ohno S8
- Ono M9
- Chan JJ4
- Cheng HCS10,11
- Dejthevaporn T12
- on behalf of BIG-Asia Collaboration
- Affiliations
-
- 1Division of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- 2Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- 3Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 4Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- 5Department of Medicine, and Medical Ethics & Humanities unit, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- 6Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong
- 7Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- 8Breast Oncology Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- 9Department of Medical Oncology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- 10Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- 11Taitung Cancer Center, Taitung Christian Hospital, Taitung City, Taiwan
- 12Medical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- KMID: 2530764
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2022.25.e21
Abstract
- Purpose
Breast cancer (BC) treatment has shifted from chemotherapy to targeted therapy. Several targeted agents have demonstrated an improvement in survival. Given that national healthcare resources were correlated with the cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio, we compared access to BC drugs in Thailand with that in other Asian countries.
Methods
BC experts involved in the Breast International Group (BIG)-Asia in six representative groups for countries or special administrative region (SAR) in Asia (Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Singapore) were invited to participate in the survey. The questionnaire addressed national health reimbursement schemes, molecular testing for early BC (EBC), availability and accessibility of BC drugs. Accessibility and reimbursement of the drugs were reported based on their listing as essential medicines in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines (WHO-EML) and their nomination as effective drugs in the European Society for Medical Oncology-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS). The study was approved by all participating BIG-Asia organizations in November 2021.
Results
Genomic tests for EBC were non-reimbursable in all surveyed territories. Reimbursement and co-payment of BC drugs vary between and within these regions (particularly Thailand). Most drugs in the WHO-EML and ESMO-MCBS (A/B for EBC and 4/5 for advanced BC) were accessible in all surveyed territories. However, the accessibility of effective but costly WHO-EML and ESMO-MCBS drugs was not uniform in Thailand. There was an evident disparity for individuals covered by the Thai Social Security/Universal Health Coverage schemes.
Conclusion
Essential BC drugs are generally accessible in selected BIG-Asia countries or SAR. There is a disparity in accessing high-cost drugs in Thailand compared with other Asian territories.
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