1. Codoner-Franch P, Valls-Belles V, Arilla-Codoner A, Alonso-Iglesias E. Oxidant mechanisms in childhood obesity: the link between inflammation and oxidative stress. Transl Res. 2011; 158:369–84.
2. Edelstein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP, Andres R, Barrett-Connor EL, Dowse GK, et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: an analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes. 1997; 46:701–10.
3. Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:777–83.
4. Wang CC, Goalstone ML, Draznin B. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance that impact cardiovascular biology. Diabetes. 2004; 53:2735–40.
5. Seidell JC, Halberstadt J. The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015; 66:7–12.
6. Chinn S, Rona RJ. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British children, 1974–94. BMJ. 2001; 322:24–6.
7. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:802–10.
8. Li C, Zhao G, Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and its association with clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and hyperinsulinemia among U.S. adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32:342–7.
9. Yi KH, Hwang JS, Kim EY, Lee SH, Kim DH, Lim JS. Prevalence of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in Korean children and adolescents: a population-based study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 103:106–13.
10. Lee J, Lee YA, Kim JH, Lee SY, Shin CH, Yang SW. Discrepancies between glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose for diagnosing impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus in Korean youth and young adults. Diabetes Metab J. 2019; 43:174–82.
11. Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, Kim Y, Kim K, Choi S, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur vey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014; 43:69–77.
12. Kim JH, Yun S, Hwang SS, Shim JO, Chae HW, Lee YJ, et al. The 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents: development, improvement, and prospects. Korean J Pediatr. 2018; 61:135–49.
13. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Seoul (Korea): The Korean nutrition Society;2016. p. 25–183.
15. Dorit K, Lynne LL. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2021; 42:167–79.
16. Arslanian SA, Lewy VD, Danadian K. Glucose intolerance in obese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Roles of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86:66–71.
17. Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006; 444:840–6.
18. Perley M, Kipnis DM. Plasma insulin responses to glucose and tolbutamide of normal weight and obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 1966; 15:867–74.
19. Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, et al. Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and B-cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes. 1993; 42:1663–72.
20. Zhou MS, Wang A, Yu H. Link between insulin resistance and hypertension: what is the evidence from evolutionary biology? Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014; 6:12.
21. Sheehan MT, Jensen MD. Metabolic complications of obesity. Pathophysiologic considerations. Med Clin North Am. 2000; 84:363–85.
22. Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Keno Y, Tokunaga K. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of visceral fat obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995; 748:399–406.
23. Steinberger J, Daniels SR; American Heart Association Atherosclerosis; Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young); American Heart Association Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003; 107:1448–53.
24. Pedersen SD. Metabolic complications of obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 27:179–93.
25. Moran A, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, Hong CP, Prineas R, Luepker R, et al. Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes. 1999; 48:2039–44.
26. Travers SH, Jeffers BW, Bloch CA, Hill JO, Eckel RH. Gender and Tanner stage differences in body composition and insulin sensitivity in early pubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80:172–80.
27. Scott RA, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Drogan D, et al. The link between family history and risk of type 2 diabetes is not explained by anthropometric, lifestyle or genetic risk factors: the EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia. 2013; 56:60–9.