World J Mens Health.
2022 Apr;40(2):208-216. 10.5534/wjmh.210069.
A Comprehensive Guide to Sperm Recovery in Infertile Men with Retrograde Ejaculation
- Gupta S
1 - Sharma R1
- Agarwal A1
- Parekh N2
- Finelli R1
- Shah R3
- Kandil H4
- Saleh R5
- Arafa M1,6,7
- Ko E8
- Simopoulou M9
- Zini A10
- Rajmil O11
- Kavoussi P12
- Singh K13
- Ambar RF14
- Elbardisi H6,7
- Sengupta P15
- Martinez M16
- Boitrelle F17,18
- Alves MG19
- Khalafalla K6
- Roychoudhury S20
- Busetto GM21
- Gosalvez J22
- Tadros N23
- Palani A24
- Rodriguez MG25
- Anagnostopoulou C26
- Micic S27
- Rocco L28
- Mostafa T29
- Alvarez JG30
- Jindal S31
- Sallam H32
- Rosas IM33
- Lewis SEM34
- AlSaid S7
- Altan M35
- Park HJ36,37
- Ramsay J38
- Parekattil S39
- Sabbaghian M40
- Tremellen K41
- Vogiatzi P42
- Sadighi Gilani MA40
- Evenson DP43
- Colpi GM44
- Affiliations
-
- 1American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 2Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 3Department of Urology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
- 4Fakih IVF Fertility Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- 5Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
- 6Department of Urology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar.
- 7Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
- 8Department of Urology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- 9Department of Experimental Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 10Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- 11Department of Andrology, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain.
- 12Austin Fertility and Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- 13Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados.
- 14Department of Urology, Centro Universitario em Saude do ABC/Andrology Group at Ideia Fertil Institute of Human Reproduction, Santo André, Brazil.
- 15Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
- 16Section of Urology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
- 17Reproductive Biology, Fertility Preservation, Andrology, CECOS, Poissy Hospital, Poissy, France.
- 18Paris Saclay University, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouyen-Josas, France.
- 19Department of Anatomy & Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 20Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.
- 21Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia Policlinico Riuniti of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
- 22Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 23Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
- 24Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Garmian, Kalar, Iraq.
- 25Departamento Docencia e Investigación, Hospital Militar Campo de Mayo, Universidad Barcelo, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 26IVF Clinic “Akeso-Embryo ART”, Athens, Greece.
- 27Department of Andrology, Uromedica Polyclinic, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 28Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy.
- 29Department of Andrology, Sexology & STIs, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 30Centro Androgen, La Coruña, Spain.
- 31Department of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Jindal Hospital, Meerut, India.
- 32Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 33Center of Technological Innovation, and Reproductive Medicine (CITMER), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 34Examenlab Ltd., Weavers Court, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
- 35Department of Urology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
- 36Department of Urology, Haceppete University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 37Medical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
- 38Department of Andrology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
- 39Avant Concierge Urology & University of Central Florida, Winter Garden, FL, USA.
- 40Department of Andrology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- 41Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.
- 42Andromed Health & Reproduction, Fertility Diagnostics Laboratory, Maroussi, Athens, Greece.
- 43SCSA Diagnostics, Brookings, SD, USA.
- 44Andrology and IVF Unit, Procrea Institute, Lugano, Switzerland.
- KMID: 2527319
- DOI: http://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.210069
Abstract
- Retrograde ejaculation (RE) is a condition defined as the backward flow of the semen during ejaculation, and when present can result in male infertility. RE may be partial or complete, resulting in either low seminal volume or complete absence of the ejaculate (dry ejaculate). RE can result from anatomic, neurological or pharmacological conditions. The treatment approaches outlined are determined by the cause. Alkalinizing urinary pH with oral medications or by adding sperm wash media into the bladder prior to ejaculation may preserve the viability of the sperm. This article provides a step-by-step guide to diagnose RE and the optimal techniques to retrieve sperm.
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