Nutr Res Pract.  2021 Jun;15(3):329-345. 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.3.329.

Serum vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

• Lee K
• Kim J

• KMID: 2516072
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2021.15.3.329

Abstract

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Evidence has suggested an association between serum vitamin D and metabolic syndrome (MetS), but prospective studies are very limited. The objective was to assess the dose-response association between serum vitamin D concentration and MetS risk using a systematic review and meta-analysis of updated observational studies.
MATERIALS/METHODS
Using MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase, a systematic literature search was conducted through February 2020 and the references of relevant articles were reviewed. A random-effects model was used to estimate the summary odds ratio/relative risk and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated with I² statistic. In total, 23 observational studies (19 cross-sectional studies, and four cohort studies) were included in the meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The pooled estimates (95% CI) for MetS per 25-nmol/L increment in serum vitamin D concentration were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.76–0.84; I² = 53.5) in cross-sectional studies, and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.72–0.98; I² = 85.8) in cohort studies. Similar results were observed, irrespectively of age of study population, study location, MetS criteria, and adjustment factors. There was no publication bias for the dose-response meta-analysis of serum vitamin D concentrations and MetS.
CONCLUSIONS
Dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that a 25-nmol/L increment in the serum vitamin D concentration was associated with 20% and 15% lower risks of MetS in cross-sectional studies and cohort studies, respectively.

Keyword

Metabolic syndrome; vitamin D; meta-analysis; systematic review

Figure

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  Fig. 1 Flow chart of the selection process according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement.

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  Fig. 2 Forest plot for the linear dose-response relationship between serum vitamin D status (per 25-nmol/L increment) and metabolic syndrome.OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.

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  Fig. 3 Linear dose-response regression model on the relationship between serum vitamin D and the risk of MetS in observational studies. The solid line represents the weighted regression line, with weights proportional to the precision of the OR/RR.MetS, metabolic syndrome; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.

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  Fig. 4 Funnel plot for publication bias in the relationship between serum vitamin D and the risk of metabolic syndrome in observational studies.OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.

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