Int J Thyroidol.  2020 Nov;13(2):65-71. 10.11106/ijt.2020.13.2.65.

The Management of Thyroid Disease in COVID-19 Pandemic

Affiliations
  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea

Abstract

The novel viral disease COVID-19 is spreading globally, causing countless infected individuals and deaths. There are active discussions and debates on how to manage patients with chronic illnesses in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Since thyroid diseases are chronic and associated with autoimmune diseases as well as high tumors, there is a need to assess the association between thyroid diseases and COVID-19. Recently, the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association published a statement on thyroid disease management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, clinical data from COVID-19 patients also indicate that COVID-19 may affect thyroid functions. Therefore, we reviewed published literature on COVID-19 and thyroid diseases and discussed approaches to proper management of thyroid diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keyword

COVID-19; Thyroid disease

Cited by  1 articles

Best Achievements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2020
Eun Kyung Lee, Young Joo Park
Endocrinol Metab. 2021;36(1):30-35.    doi: 10.3803/EnM.2021.103.


Reference

References

1. World Health Organization. 2020. WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020 [Internet]. World Health Organization;Geneva: Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020. cited May 4, 2020.
2. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center (CRC). 2020. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. CRC;USA: Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. cited August 31, 2020.
3. The European Society for Cardiology. 2020. ESC Guidance for the diagnosis and management of CV disease during the COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. European Society of Cardiology;France: Available from: https://www.escardio.org/Education/COVID-19-and-Cardiology/ESC-COVID-19-Guidance. cited June 10, 2020.
4. Hartmann-Boyce J, Morris E, Goyder C, Kinton J, Perring J, Nunan D, et al. 2020; Diabetes and COVID-19: risks, management, and learnings from other national disasters. Diabetes Care. 43(8):1695–703. DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1192. PMID: 32546593.
Article
5. American Thyroid Association (ATA). 2020. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the Thyroid. [Internet]. ATA;US: Available from: https://www.thyroid.org/covid-19. cited April 29, 2020.
6. British Thyroid Foundation. 2020. Thyroid disease and coronavirus (COVID-19) [Internet]. British Thyroid Foundation;British: Available from: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/news/thyroid-disease-and-coronavirus-covid-19. cited May 4, 2020.
7. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. 2004; Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 203(2):631–7. DOI: 10.1002/path.1570. PMID: 15141377. PMCID: PMC7167720.
Article
8. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. 2020; A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 579(7798):270–3. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMID: 32015507. PMCID: PMC7095418.
9. Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. 2020; Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 9(1):45. DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x. PMID: 32345362. PMCID: PMC7186534.
Article
10. The Human Protein Atlas. 2019. Angiotension converting enzyme2 [Internet]. Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation;Available from: https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000130234-ACE2/tissue/thyroid+gland. cited August 31, 2020.
11. Li G, He X, Zhang L, Ran Q, Wang J, Xiong A, et al. 2020; Assessing ACE2 expression patterns in lung tissues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. J Autoimmun. 112:102463. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102463. PMID: 32303424. PMCID: PMC7152872.
Article
12. Shin J. 2020; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection: role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Korean J Med. 95(4):232–5.
Article
13. Guo Y, Korteweg C, McNutt MA, Gu J. 2008; Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Virus Res. 133(1):4–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.022. PMID: 17825937. PMCID: PMC7114157.
Article
14. Ding Y, He L, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Che X, Hou J, et al. 2004; Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. J Pathol. 203(2):622–30. DOI: 10.1002/path.1560. PMID: 15141376. PMCID: PMC7167761.
15. Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW, Ong KC, Kaw GJ, Lee LS. 2005; Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 63(2):197–202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x. PMID: 16060914. PMCID: PMC7188349.
Article
16. Wei L, Sun S, Xu CH, Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhu H, et al. 2007; Pathology of the thyroid in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hum Pathol. 38(1):95–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2006.06.011. PMID: 16996569. PMCID: PMC7112059.
Article
17. Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, Gharib H, Guttler RB, Kaplan MM, et al. 2002; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 8(6):457–69. DOI: 10.4158/1934-2403-8.6.457. PMID: 27762623.
Article
18. Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, Covelli D, Mantovani G, Muscatello A, et al. 2020; SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8(9):739–41. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30266-7. PMID: 32738929. PMCID: PMC7392564.
Article
19. Wei L, Sun S, Zhang J, Zhu H, Xu Y, Ma Q, et al. 2010; Endocrine cells of the adenohypophysis in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biochem Cell Biol. 88(4):723–30. DOI: 10.1139/O10-022. PMID: 20651845.
20. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. 2020; Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 277(8):2251–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1. PMID: 32253535. PMCID: PMC7134551.
Article
21. Hussain YS, Hookham JC, Allahabadia A, Balasubramanian SP. 2017; Epidemiology, management and outcomes of Graves' disease-real life data. Endocrine. 56(3):568–78. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1306-5. PMID: 28478488. PMCID: PMC5435772.
Article
22. Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, Dutta D, Nath B, Oleynikov MD, et al. 2020; The natural history, pathobiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 15(3):359–86. DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5. PMID: 32696264. PMCID: PMC7373339.
Article
23. Cho BY. 2014. Clinical thyroidology. 4th ed. Korea Medical Book;Seoul, Korea: p. 391–2.
24. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. People with certain medical conditions [Internet]. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;Washington (DC): Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. cited August 31, 2020.
25. Kim HK, Yoon JH, Jeon MJ, Kim TY, Shong YK, Lee MJ, et al. 2015; Characteristics of Korean patients with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: a multicenter study in Korea. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 30(4):475–80. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2015.30.4.475. PMID: 26394729. PMCID: PMC4722401.
Article
26. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. 2020; Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 395(10229):1054–62. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMID: 32171076. PMCID: PMC7270627.
Article
27. Moon JH, Yi KH. 2013; The diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism in Korea: consensus report of the Korean Thyroid Association. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 28(4):275–9. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2013.28.4.275. PMID: 24396691. PMCID: PMC3871036.
Article
28. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, Kahaly GJ, Marcocci C, et al. 2016; The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on graves' orbitopathy guidelines for the management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J. 5(1):9–26.
Article
29. Dockery DM, Rowe SG, Murphy MA, Krzystolik MG. 2020; The ocular manifestations and transmission of COVID-19: recom-mendations for prevention. J Emerg Med. 59(1):137–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.060. PMID: 32456959. PMCID: PMC7205711.
Article
30. Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, et al. 2014; Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 24(12):1670–751. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0028. PMID: 25266247. PMCID: PMC4267409.
Article
31. Akamizu T, Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, Wakino S, Iburi T, et al. 2012; Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys. Thyroid. 22(7):661–79. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0334. PMID: 22690898. PMCID: PMC3387770.
Article
32. Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, Clark LF, Bevan JS. 2010; Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (1):CD003420. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003420.pub4. PMID: 20091544. PMCID: PMC6599817.
Article
33. Boelaert K, Visser WE, Taylor PN, Moran C, Leger J, Persani L. 2020; Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 183(1):G33–9. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-20-0445. PMID: 32438340.
Article
34. Hodak SP, Huang C, Clarke D, Burman KD, Jonklaas J, Janicic-Kharic N. 2006; Intravenous methimazole in the treatment of refractory hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 16(7):691–5. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.691. PMID: 16889494.
Article
35. Kim SH, Jung SL, Moon WJ, Park MS, Kim YS, Lee HJ, et al. 2009; The prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancers in the Koreans: the nationwide data analysis of thyroid ultrasono-graphy in 2004. J Korean Thyroid Assoc. 2(1):33–7.
36. Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, Chung SR, Choi YJ, Chung KW, et al. 2019; Active surveillance for small papillary thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 29(10):1399–408. DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0159. PMID: 31368412.
Article
37. Yi KH, Lee EK, Kang HC, Koh YW, Kim SW, Kim IJ, et al. 2016; 2016 revised Korean Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Int J Thyroidol. 9(2):59–126.
Article
Full Text Links
  • IJT
Actions
Cited
CITED
export Copy
Close
Share
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
Similar articles
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Association of Medical Journal Editors. All rights reserved.     E-mail: koreamed@kamje.or.kr