Ann Lab Med.  2020 Sep;40(5):382-389. 10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.382.

Specific IgG and IgA Antibody Reactivities in Sera of Children by Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay and Comparison With Giardia duodenalis Diagnosis in Feces

• Pachec FTF
• Carvalho SSd
• Santos SA
• Chagas GMTd
• Santos MC
• Santos JGS
• Costa-Ribeiro Júnior Hd
• Ribeiro TCM
• Mattos
• Gomes MA
• Soares NM
• Teixeira MCA

• KMID: 2502568
• DOI: http://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2020.40.5.382

Abstract

Background
Giardia duodenalis is conventionally diagnosed in fecal samples using parasitological methods. However, sensitivity is poor when only a single sample is analyzed, due to intermittent excretion of cysts in feces. Alternatively, the serum antibodies to G. duodenalis can be used for parasite diagnosis and epidemiological studies to determine previous exposure. We compared the rate of G. duodenalis infection between serum anti-Giardia IgG and IgA antibodies and fecal examination in Brazilian children.
Methods
Fecal and serum samples were tested from 287 children at a clinical laboratory and from 187 children at daycare centers. Fecal samples were processed using conventional parasitological methods and coproantigen detection for Giardia diagnosis. Serum samples were tested using an in-house ELISA for detection of anti-Giardia IgG and IgA.
Results
G. duodenalis was found in 8.2% (N=39) of the 474 children analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 80.0% and 90.0% for IgG and 80.0% and 83.3% for IgA, respectively. The total positivity rate of anti-Giardia IgG and IgA in the sera was 13.9% (N=66) and 23.6% (N=112). The agreement between the positivity of specific antibodies and the detection of G. duodenalis in feces was moderate for ELISA-IgG, kappa index (95% CI)=0.543 (0.422–0.664), and mild for ELISA-IgA, kappa index (95% CI)=0.283 (0.162–0.404). Among the children infected with other enteroparasites, 11.6% (N=10) and 24.4% (N=21) showed reactivity to anti-Giardia IgG and to IgA, respectively. This cross-reactivity was more frequent in samples from children infected with Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli.
Conclusions
The higher frequency of specific antibody reactivity compared with G. duodenalis diagnosis in feces could reflect continuous exposure of children to G. duodenalis infection, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and/or cross-reactivity with other intestinal amoebas.

Keyword

Giardia duodenalis; Infection; Children; Diagnosis; Antibodies; ELISA; Cross-Reactivity

Figure

• 

  Fig. 1 Reactivities of anti-Giardia antibodies in sera of children according to their parasitological results. IgG (A) and IgA (B) levels of anti-Giardia in serum samples are expressed as the ELISA index (EI). Symbols represent G. duodenalis-infected children (●), negatives (■), and children infected with other protozoa (▲) or helminths (▼). s*P<0.001 (ANOVA, Dunn test).

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